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Diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon life history pathways

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Abstract

Life history variability includes phenotypic variation in morphology, age, and size at key stage transitions and arises from genotypic, environmental, and genotype-by-environment effects. Life history variation contributes to population abundance, productivity, and resilience, and management units often reflect life history classes. Recent evidence suggests that past Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) classifications (e.g., ‘stream’ and ‘ocean’ types) are not distinct evolutionary lineages, do not capture the phenotypic variation present within or among populations, and are poorly aligned with underlying ecological and developmental processes. Here we review recently reported variation in juvenile Chinook salmon life history traits and provide a refined conceptual framework for understanding the causes and consequences of the observed variability. The review reveals a broad continuum of individual juvenile life history pathways, defined primarily by transitions among developmental stages and habitat types used during freshwater rearing and emigration. Life history types emerge from discontinuities in expressed pathways when viewed at the population scale. We synthesize recent research that examines how genetic, conditional, and environmental mechanisms likely influence Chinook salmon life history pathways. We suggest that threshold models hold promise for understanding how genetic and environmental factors influence juvenile salmon life history transitions. Operational life history classifications will likely differ regionally, but should benefit from an expanded lexicon that captures the temporally variable, multi-stage life history pathways that occur in many Chinook salmon populations. An increased mechanistic awareness of life history diversity, and how it affects population fitness and resilience, should improve management, conservation, and restoration of this iconic species.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the workers who have puzzled over the life history of Chinook salmon in the past for their contributions to this review. We thank the Fish Life History Analysis Project of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife for collaboration. We thank John Sugden for making the distribution map. This work was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, with administrative support from David Griffith. Two anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments that greatly improved this paper.

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  1. Samuel L. Bourret

    Present address: Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, 490 North Meridian Road, Kalispell, MT, 59901, USA

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  1. Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 975 W. 6th Street, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, USA

    Samuel L. Bourret, Christopher C. Caudill & Matthew L. Keefer

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Bourret, S.L., Caudill, C.C. & Keefer, M.L. Diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon life history pathways. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 26, 375–403 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9432-3

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