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A critical review of marine adaptability within the anadromous Salmoninae

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Abstract

Salmoninae adaptability to the marine environment was evaluated based on the following criteria: (1) extent, and (2) duration of migration; (3) horizontal and (4) vertical habitats; and (5) minimum and (6) maximum thermohaline limits experienced. The most-to-least marine adapted genera were Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, agreeing with Rounsefell’s anadromy ranking. The lowest and highest thermohaline limits were reached by O. keta, S. salar, S. alpinus and S. malma; and O. kisutch, O. keta and O. nerka, respectively. Marine adaptability criteria rearranged Rounsefell’s top three species, with O. keta and O. nerka ranked higher than O. gorbuscha, and suggested recently evolved salmonids are adapted to a more marine life history. Oncorhynchus masou ranked similar to its sister taxa: O. mykiss and O. clarki. Lower ranked salmonids usually evolved earlier, adding evidence to a freshwater salmonid ancestor. More research on marine migration is needed on all Salmoninae, especially the lesser studied trout and charr which demonstrate highly variable life histories compared to salmons.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. F Goetz for forwarding the most recent results on marine tracking of S. confluentus. Our gratitude goes out to the Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Inland Fisheries Division—Pictou) and Ocean Tracking Network Canada for in-kind equipment and logistical support of S. fontinalis tracking. Funding for unpublished data on marine migration of S. fontinalis was provided by Antigonish Town and County Rivers Association, Canadian National Sportsmens Shows, Canadian Wildlife Federation Orville Erickson Memorial Scholarships and the Freshwater Fisheries Research Cooperative (Inland Fisheries Division NS). Further funds were secured from FGS ‘A’ scholarships (Killiam Fund, Dalhousie University), Lett Funding (Biology Department, Dalhousie University), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada PGS-D scholarship (ADS) and the Canada Research Chair program (MJWS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean Tracking Network, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada

    Aaron D. Spares

  2. Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada

    Michael J. Dadswell & Michael J. W. Stokesbury

  3. Aberdeen Business School, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7QB, Scotland, UK

    Meghan P. Dickinson

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  1. Aaron D. Spares
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  4. Michael J. W. Stokesbury
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Correspondence to Aaron D. Spares.

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Spares, A.D., Dadswell, M.J., Dickinson, M.P. et al. A critical review of marine adaptability within the anadromous Salmoninae. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 25, 503–519 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-015-9392-z

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