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Non-native fishes in Florida freshwaters: a literature review and synthesis

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Abstract

Non-native fishes have been known from freshwater ecosystems of Florida since the 1950s, and dozens of species have established self-sustaining populations. Nonetheless, no synthesis of data collected on those species in Florida has been published until now. We searched the literature for peer-reviewed publications reporting original data for 42 species of non-native fishes in Florida that are currently established, were established in the past, or are sustained by human intervention. Since the 1950s, the number of non-native fish species increased steadily at a rate of roughly six new species per decade. Studies documented (in decreasing abundance): geographic location/range expansion, life- and natural-history characteristics (e.g., diet, habitat use), ecophysiology, community composition, population structure, behaviour, aquatic-plant management, and fisheries/aquaculture. Although there is a great deal of taxonomic uncertainty and confusion associated with many taxa, very few studies focused on clarifying taxonomic ambiguities of non-native fishes in the State. Most studies were descriptive; only 15 % were manipulative. Risk assessments, population-control studies and evaluations of effects of non-native fishes were rare topics for research, although they are highly valued by natural-resource managers. Though some authors equated lack of data with lack of effects, research is needed to confirm or deny conclusions. Much more is known regarding the effects of lionfish (Pterois spp.) on native fauna, despite its much shorter establishment time. Natural-resource managers need biological and ecological information to make policy decisions regarding non-native fishes. Given the near-absence of empirical data on effects of Florida non-native fishes, and the lengthy time-frames usually needed to collect such information, we provide suggestions for data collection in a manner that may be useful in the evaluation and prediction of non-native fish effects.

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Notes

  1. In 2012, after our literature review was complete, we obtained data showing this species was indeed still established in Florida waters. See Schofield and Pecora (2013) for details.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the US Geological Survey, Invasive Species Program and the Southeast Ecological Science Center. D. Gregoire-Lucente (USGS) provided technical assistance on many aspects of the project, for which we are grateful. We thank R. Robins, Florida Museum of Natural History, for his patience and helpfulness in accessing specimens and information from the UF collection. M. Neilson assisted us in collating many records of non-native fishes in the USGS-NAS database. The USGS (Reston) library staff was indispensable, and we are grateful for their doggedness in obtaining literature for us, often from inconvenient sources. Several of our colleagues (P. Fuller, J. Hill, J. Kline, V. Engel, C. Kolar, E. García-Berthou, J. Trexler, N. Aumen) were kind enough to serve as early readers of the manuscript, and provided thoughtful, constructive comments that lead to marked improvements. Additionally, the reviews of three journal referees and the editor substantially improved the manuscript. This paper originated from discussions with J. Langston, and we are thankful for her insights and comments during the formative stages of this project. While writing this paper, we queried many (possibly all) of our colleagues who study fishes in Florida, and without exception, they were generous with their time, advice, and data. We are immensely grateful for their collegiality. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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  1. U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA

    Pamela J. Schofield

  2. Aquatic Research and Communication, LLC, Vero Beach, FL, 32967, USA

    William F. Loftus

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Correspondence to Pamela J. Schofield.

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Schofield, P.J., Loftus, W.F. Non-native fishes in Florida freshwaters: a literature review and synthesis. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 25, 117–145 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9373-7

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