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North Korean women entrepreneurs learning from failure

Abstract

Migrants’ workplace experiences in their host society, including failure, shape their social adjustment, yet how migrants learn from failures is under-investigated. The study presented here examined how North Korean migrants struggling for a foothold in South Korea sought to learn from failures in their workplaces and everyday life. The article draws on nine months of ethnographic research in South Korean restaurants and cafés employing North Korean migrants. Data sources include informal conversations and loosely structured interviews with five purposefully selected women who started, or planned to start, their own enterprise. The findings reveal that these migrants perceived failure in five interrelated spheres: financial, relational, physical, psychological and professional. Participants developed perspectives to understand failure as an integral part of learning in a new society and adopting unfamiliar role expectations and responsibilities. They also applied knowledge they had acquired through their failures to change their approach to their career and to strengthen their personal and business capacity to obtain a legitimate social position. Paradoxically, failures that were beyond their control, such as legal problems, created opportunities to receive practical support from, and increase trust in, South Koreans. In addition to challenging the discourse that portrays North Korean migrants as deficient, these findings contribute to adult education scholarship on migrants’ situated learning in their host societies.

Résumé

Les entrepreneuses nord-coréennes apprennent de leurs échecs – Les expériences des migrants au travail dans la société qui les accueille, y compris leurs échecs, forment leur adaptation sociale. On s’est toutefois peu penché sur la façon dont ils apprennent de leurs échecs. L’étude présentée ici examine comment des migrantes nord-coréennes luttant pour prendre pied en Corée du Sud cherchent à apprendre de leurs échecs au travail et dans la vie quotidienne. L’article s’appuie sur des recherches ethnographiques menées pendant neuf mois dans des restaurants et cafés sud-coréens qui emploient des migrantes de Corée du Nord. Les sources de données comprennent des conversations informelles et des interviews librement structurées avec cinq femmes choisies parce qu’elles ont monté leur propre entreprise ou projettent de le faire. Les résultats montrent que ces migrantes catégorisent les échecs en cinq domaines liés les uns aux autres : financiers, relationnels, physiques, psychologiques et professionnels. Les participantes ont développé des points de vue qui leur permettent d’envisager l’échec comme faisant partie intégrante de l’apprentissage dans une nouvelle société et des attentes et responsabilités liées aux rôles qu’elles doivent adopter et qui leur sont étrangers. Elles mettent aussi en pratique les connaissances acquises quand elles ont échoué à changer d’approche pour leur parcours professionnel et à renforcer leurs capacités personnelles et professionnelles en vue de conquérir une position sociale légitime. Paradoxalement, les échecs sur lesquels elles n’ont pas de prise, par exemple les problèmes juridiques, leur ont donné l’occasion de recevoir une aide concrète de la part des Sud-Coréens et d’accroître leur confiance vis-à-vis d’eux. En plus de remettre en question le discours qui dépeint les migrants nord-coréens comme des êtres inférieurs, ces résultats participent à enrichir le savoir de l’éducation des adultes au sujet de l’apprentissage des migrants dans les sociétés d’accueil.

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Notes

  1. In 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel. After World War II, Japan lost its occupation over Korea, and the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Korea.

  2. After the Korean War (1950–1953), South Korea experienced rapid economic growth, transforming it from a poorly developed country to a developed country. Similar to Germany’s economic rebirth after World War II, often referred to as the “Miracle on the Rhine”, South Korea’s rise became the “Miracle on the Han River”.

  3. All participants’ names are pseudonyms.

  4. After entering the country, North Korean migrants receive interim protection while their case is under investigation. The National Intelligence Service interrogates migrants’ personal and political background, their motivation to defect, and their socio-political status in North Korea. Depending on the rank of the migrants, this process takes between a week and several months.

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Acknowledgement

An earlier version of this article (Choi and Prins 2020) was presented at the 2021 Adult Education in Global Times conference in Vancouver, British Columbia (virtual).

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Correspondence to Jinhee Choi.

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Choi, J., Prins, E. North Korean women entrepreneurs learning from failure. Int Rev Educ (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-023-09994-w

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Keywords

  • Adult learning
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Learning from failure
  • Migration studies
  • North Korean migrants
  • Workplace learning
  • Situated learning