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The new language of instruction policy in Malawi: A house standing on a shaky foundation

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Abstract

This research note is a critique of Malawi’s new language of instruction (LOI) policy. The new policy stipulates English as the medium of instruction from the first year (Standard 1) of primary school in a country where English is not the dominant language of household communication. The children are now expected to learn (and that includes learning to read and write) in English, a language they have not had any contact with before their first day at school. Moreover, some of the teachers themselves struggle to use English as a medium of instruction. The results of this policy are devastating, and the fact that the school system is poorly resourced in terms of infrastructure, materials and teachers is further thwarting positive learning outcomes. On the strength of ample empirical evidence which supports the mother tongue as the best medium of instruction in the initial phases of primary education, the author of this research note argues that the new language policy stands on a shaky foundation, and that it cannot serve as a strategy for eradicating low English proficiency among Malawian learners.

Résumé

Nouvelle politique du Malawi en matière de langue d’instruction : une maison bâtie sur des fondements instables – Cette note de recherche est une critique envers la nouvelle politique du Malawi relative à la langue d’instruction. Cette politique institue l’anglais comme moyen d’instruction dès la première année de l’enseignement primaire dans un pays où l’anglais n’est pas la langue dominante de communication dans les ménages. Les enfants sont désormais censés apprendre (et ceci implique également à lire et à écrire) en anglais, langue avec laquelle ils n’ont aucun contact avant leur premier jour d’école. À cela s’ajoute le fait que certains enseignants ont eux-mêmes des difficultés à utiliser l’anglais comme langue d’instruction. Les résultats de cette politique sont désastreux, et la pénurie de ressources en termes d’infrastructure, de matériels et d’enseignants dans le système scolaire entrave encore l’obtention de résultats éducatifs positifs. S’appuyant sur la solidité d’abondantes preuves empiriques qui défendent la langue maternelle comme meilleur vecteur d’instruction dans les premières phases de l’enseignement primaire, l’auteur de la présente étude avance que cette nouvelle politique linguistique est bâtie sur des fondements instables, et qu’elle ne peut servir de stratégie en vue de remédier définitivement à la faible maîtrise de l’anglais parmi les élèves malawiens.

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Notes

  1. Other languages include Chiyao, spoken by the Yao people; members of the Tumbuka tribe raise their children speaking Chitumbuku; the Tonga tribe speak Chitonga; the Lomwe tribe speak Lomwe; the Ngonde and Nyakyusa tribes use Kyangonde; and the Sena tribe speak Sena. While Chichewa serves as their lingua franca, many Malawians speak or at least understand more than one of these languages.

  2. Primary education in Malawi is compulsory and free. Children start primary school (Standards 1–8) when they are 6 years old. They progress to secondary school (Forms 1–4) at age 14. While enrolment rates have been rising in recent years, the dropout rate in primary school is high. The Malawi MDG Endline Survey 2014 reports a primary completion rate (Standard 1–8) of 45.7% (NSOM 2014, p. 13).

  3. In this context,“public” primary schools means that they are government-run. There are also a number of private primary schools in Malawi, many of which are church-run.

  4. Moreover, “the availability of textbooks does not necessarily mean that they are used in the classroom. Textbooks may be kept in storage units for fear of damage or loss if they are turned over to students. In Malawi, it was reported that teachers were reluctant to let children use books because of lack of care or the risk that students would go absent or drop out” (UNESCO 2015, p. 203, referring to World Bank 2012).

  5. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) currently has 15 member states, namely; Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, the Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

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Acknowledgements

On 24 July 2014, I was one of the scheduled speakers at the national symposium on the language-in-education policy held in Mangochi in Malawi. I wish to acknowledge, with gratitude, the financial support I received from the Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS) which made it possible for me to travel to Malawi to attend the symposium. However, the views expressed in this paper are entirely mine, and not those of CASAS.

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Correspondence to Gregory Hankoni Kamwendo.

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Kamwendo, G.H. The new language of instruction policy in Malawi: A house standing on a shaky foundation. Int Rev Educ 62, 221–228 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-016-9557-6

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