Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Developing a lifelong learning system in Ethiopia: Contextual considerations and propositions

  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Initiated by a “Pilot workshop on developing capacity for establishing lifelong learning systems in UNESCO Member States” held at the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, the purpose of this study was to develop a Lifelong Learning system in Ethiopia. Preparations for its conceptualisation included the review of relevant national policy documents and an analysis of the Ethiopian educational, economic and social context. Focused group and one-to-one interviews were conducted with policy researchers, experts from the Ministry of Education, adult educators and coordinators at different levels. It emerged that some of the existing policy provisions and contexts reflecting the highly formalised and structured educational opportunities available to Ethiopian youth and adults require re-conceptualisation. Despite the enormous progress made in increasing children’s access to primary school, more than two million children remain out of school and adult literacy rates are still far from reaching the targets set both by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and by national educational programmes. Moreover, as many youth drop out after completing primary education, and as the quality of learning appears to have suffered due to efforts of expansion, it is necessary to revisit the responsiveness of Ethiopia’s formal educational provisions in the face of these challenges. Based on the opportunities and challenges identified, the authors explore some major considerations believed to be fundamental in creating a platform for the conceptualisation of Lifelong Learning in the Ethiopian context and conclude with some suggestions for the way forward.

Résumé

Concevoir un système d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie en Éthiopie : considérations contextuelles et propositions – L’étude présentée ici avait été lancée lors d’un atelier pilote sur le renforcement des capacités à instaurer des systèmes d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie dans les États membres de l’UNESCO, tenu à l’Institut de l’UNESCO pour l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie, et avait pour but la conception d’un système afférent en Éthiopie. La tâche préalable à sa conceptualisation a impliqué un recensement des politiques nationales pertinentes ainsi qu’une analyse des contextes éducatif, économique et social de l’Éthiopie. Des entretiens en groupes et individuels ont été menés avec les chercheurs travaillant sur les politiques publiques, les experts du ministère de l’éducation, des éducateurs d’adultes et les coordinateurs de différents niveaux. Il est apparu que certains éléments de ces politiques et de ce contexte, qui reflétaient le caractère extrêmement formalisé et structuré des possibilités éducatives offertes aux jeunes et aux adultes éthiopiens, nécessitaient une nouvelle conceptualisation. En dépit des progrès considérables accomplis pour multiplier l’accès des enfants à l’enseignement primaire, plus de deux millions d’entre eux ne sont pas encore scolarisés, et les taux d’alphabétisme des adultes sont encore loin d’atteindre les cibles visées tant dans les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) des Nations Unies que dans les programmes éducatifs nationaux. En outre, du fait qu’un grand nombre d’élèves décrochent à l’issue de l’école primaire, et que la qualité de l’enseignement semble avoir souffert des efforts d’expansion, il s’avère nécessaire d’explorer la réactivité à ces défis de l’éducation nationale formelle. À partir des opportunités et des défis identifiés, les auteurs analysent plusieurs considérations de base, jugées fondamentales pour instaurer une plateforme sur la conceptualisation de l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie dans le contexte éthiopien. Ils concluent par quelques propositions pour l’avenir.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
€32.70 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Finland)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The six universities are Addis Ababa, Adama Science and Technology, Ambo, Bahir Dar, Haramaya and Hawassa.

  2. A kebele is the smallest local administrative unit.

References

  • Creswell, W. J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2012). Inter-censal population survey report. Accessed October 25, 2013, from http://www.csa.gov.et/images/general/news/icps%202012%20projection%20report.pdf.

  • Dubale, T. E. (2010). Telecommunication in Ethiopia. Paper presented at the Multi-year expert meeting on services, development, and trade: The regulatory and institutional dimension, 17–19 March. Geneva: UNESCO. Accessed August 29, 2011, from www.unctad.org/sections/wcmu/docs/cImem3_2nd_ETHIOPIA_en.pdf.

  • FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). (2010a). Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). (2010b). Growth and Transformation Plan Policy Matrix (Vol. II). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, P. (2009). Lifelong learning: A social ambiguity. In P. Jarvis (Ed.), The Routledge International handbook of lifelong learning (pp. 9–18). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, R., & Verspoor, A. (2013). Secondary education in Ethiopia: Supporting growth and transformation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenea, A. (2009). Adult basic literacy “programs” in Ethiopia: Conceptions, strategies and shortfalls. Journal of Education for Development, 4(1), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. (1980). Malcolm Knowles on “Lifelong” learning—Buzz word or a new way of thinking about education. Training and Development Journal, 34(7), 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekoko, R., & Modise, O. (2011). An insight into an African perspective on lifelong learning: Towards promoting functional compensatory programs. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 30(1), 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maruatona, T. (2006). Lifelong learning for facilitating democratic participation in Africa. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(6), 547–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). (2006). Targeting Ethiopia’s Productive safety Net program (PSNP). Accessed July 12, 2011, from http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3966.pdf.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (1994). Education and Training Policy. Addis Ababa: St. George Printing Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (1997). Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) I (1997/98–2001/2002). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2002a). The education and training policy and its implementation. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2002b). Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) II (2002/2003–2004/2005). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2005). Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) III (2005/2006–2010/2011). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2008a). Ethiopian Third National Learning Assessment. Addis Ababa: Jerus Printing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2008b). National Vocational and Technical Education and Training Strategy. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2008c). National Adult Education Strategy. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2008d). Report on the development and state of the art of Adult Learning and Education (ALE). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education. Accessed January 03, 2014, from http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/INSTITUTES/UIL/confintea/pdf/National_Reports/Europe%20-%20North%20America/Ireland.pdf.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2010a). Education statistics annual abstract. Addis Ababa: Education Management Information System, Ministry of Education.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2010b). Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) IV (2010/2011–2014/2015). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2011a). Functional Adult Literacy (FAL) Implementation Guideline. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2011b). Learning for life: Master plan for adult education in Ethiopia (2010/11–2019/20). Unpublished Document.

  • MoE (Ministry of Education). (2012). Education statistics annual abstract. Addis Ababa: Education Management Information System, Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoFED (Ministry of Finances and Economic Development). (2002). Ethiopia: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Finances and Economic Development.

  • MoFED (Ministry of Finances and Economic Development). (2005). A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06–2009/10). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Finances and Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molla, T. (2010). Widening access to lifelong learning for adults in Ethiopia: Opportunities with recognition of prior learning. Journal of Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 12(2), 7–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation). (2004). Lifelong learning: Policy brief. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouane, A. (2011). Evolution of and perspectives on lifelong learning. In J. Yang & R. Valdés-Cotera (Eds.), Conceptual evolution and policy developments in lifelong learning (pp. 24–39). Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece, J. (2009). Lifelong learning and development: A perspective from the “South”. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 39(5), 585–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seng, S. L., & Hwee, S. L. (1997). An empirical framework for implementing lifelong learning systems. In M. J. Hatton (Ed.), Lifelong learning: Policies, practices and programs. Toronto: School of Media Studies at Humber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, R. M. (2011). Lifelong learning: Moving beyond Education for All (EFA). In J. Yang & R. Valdés-Cotera (Eds.), Conceptual evolution and policy developments in lifelong learning (pp. 24–39). Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • UIE (UNESCO Institute for Education). (1997). Adult education: The Hamburg Declaration and the Agenda for the Future. Hamburg: UIE. Accessed April 12, 2011, from www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/publications.html.

  • UIL (UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning). (2010). Belém framework for action. Hamburg: UIL. Accessed November 29, 2013, from http://www.unesco.org/en/confinteavi.

  • UN (United Nations). (2000). United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Fifty-fifth session, agenda item 60 (b), document A/RES/55/2. New York: UN.

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2013). International human development indicators. Accessed 15 September 2013 from http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ETH.html.

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2000). Dakar framework for action. Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2009). Overcoming inequality: Why governance matters. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009. Accessed August 15, 2011, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2009-governance/.

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2011). EFA Global Monitoring Report. Accessed January 03, 2014, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2011-conflict/.

  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2012). Youth and skills: Putting education to work. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2012. Accessed January 3, 2013, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2012-skills/.

  • UNESCO and MINEDAF (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and Ministers of Education of African Member States). (2002). Issues and strategies for the promotion of adult education in the context of lifelong learning, Part II. Accessed March 11, 2012, from http://portal.unesco.org/education.

  • Wagaw, T. (1979). Education in Ethiopia: Prospect and retrospect. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werquin, P. (2007). Moving mountains: Will qualifications systems promote lifelong learning? European Journal of Education, 42(4), 460–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2013). Second Ethiopia Economic Update: Laying the foundation for achieving middle income status. Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed September 15, 2013, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16740. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) for initiating and partly funding this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Genet Gelana Kabeta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abiy, D.S., Kabeta, G.G. & Mihiretie, D.M. Developing a lifelong learning system in Ethiopia: Contextual considerations and propositions. Int Rev Educ 60, 639–660 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-014-9435-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-014-9435-z

Keywords

Navigation