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Optimization and clean synthesis of biodiesel from Rumex crispus leaves using calcium oxide derived from mango seed shell as a nanocatalyst

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Abstract

The present study investigated the synthesis of biodiesel through transesterification reaction of non-edible extracted oil from a cheap Rumex crispus leaves using a methanol alcohol in the presence of a nanocatalyst calcium oxide derived from mango seed shell. In line with this the synthesized calcium oxide nanocatalyst were characterized for structural patterns functional group, and energy band gab energy using XRD, FTIR and UV–Vis spectra. The effects of transesterification parameters; methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading on biodiesel yield were investigated and optimized by using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) typically Central Composite Design (CCD). The catalyst loading turned out to be the most significant parameter with 93.72%. A 8:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a catalyst loading of 1.5 wt%, a reaction temperature of 65 °C and a reaction time of 3 h determines optimal conditions for the conversion of R. crispus leave oil to biodiesel yield of up to 93.72%. Under these conditions, the predicted and experimental biodiesel yields were 93.72% and 94.18%, respectively. The R2 value of the model was 0.9855, indicating the accuracy of the model. The biodiesel characterization parameters met the biodiesel specifications of European Standard (EN) EN14214 and characterized by GC–MS and FTIR analysis. The biodiesel produced from R. crispus leaves oil as an alternative energy source could be utilized as a substitute for fossil fuels for a variety of purposes while also improving sustainable energy utilization.

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Data availability

The availability of data, i.e., experimental design, data analysis (RSM), FTIR, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) used to support the results of this study are incorporated in the article.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CaO:

Calcium oxide

CCD:

Central composite design

FTIR:

Fourier transforms infrared

GC–MS:

Gas chromatographs–mass spectroscopy

FAC:

Fatty acids

RSM:

Response surface methodology centered

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the FT-IR Platform at the Faculty of Material Science and Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Laboratory staff members at Jimma Institute of Technology for their knowledge sharing and technical support. This work was financially supported by the Jimma Institute of Technology Center of Excellence-CRGE RESOURCE CART (Climate Resilient Green Economy Resource Centre for Advanced Research and Training-Linking Energy with Water and Agriculture).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Tafere Aga Bullo, Yigezu Mekonnen Bayisa & Edo Begna Jiru

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Venkata Ramayya Ancha

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  1. Tafere Aga Bullo
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  2. Yigezu Mekonnen Bayisa
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  4. Venkata Ramayya Ancha
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Contributions

All the authors: TA wrote the main parts of the manuscript, YM, EB and VR have made a substantial contribution in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, designed the study and procedure, interpretation of the data, conducting lab testing, visualization, validation, analysis of FT-IR spectroscopy, and GC–MS analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tafere Aga Bullo.

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Bullo, T.A., Bayisa, Y.M., Jiru, E.B. et al. Optimization and clean synthesis of biodiesel from Rumex crispus leaves using calcium oxide derived from mango seed shell as a nanocatalyst. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 136, 2955–2975 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-023-02493-x

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