Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of calcination on sol–gel synthesized Gd2Ti2O7 photocatalyst for degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B

  • Published:
Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) was used as a template in the sol to synthesize Gd2Ti2O7. The effects of calcination temperature on the characteristics of the Gd2Ti2O7 samples were studied. The crystallite sizes of Gd2Ti2O7 prepared at 800, 900 and 1000 °C were calculated to be 33.5, 37.6 and 46.5 nm. The bandgap energies of the Gd2Ti2O7 samples were between 3.21 and 3.37 eV when the calcination temperature ranged from 600 to 1000 °C. The Gd2Ti2O7 sample obtained at 800 °C had the weakest photoluminescence intensity, i.e., the longest lifetime for the charge carriers. The amorphous samples had large surface area and pore volume but the crystallized Gd2Ti2O7 materials had apparently small values. The amorphous materials had very poor activity, and the Gd2Ti2O7 sample calcined at 800 °C had the strongest activity on RBR X-3B degradation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. He XH, Wang AZ, Wu P, Tang SB, Zhang Y, Li L, Ding P (2020) Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR by modified TiO2 photocatalysis: a review. Sci Total Environ 743:140694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zan J, Song H, Zuo SY, Chen XR, Xia DS, Li DY (2020) MIL-53(Fe)-derived Fe2O3 with oxygen vacancy as Fenton-like photocatalysts for the elimination of toxic organics in wastewater. J Clean Prod 246:118971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Deepracha S, Ayral A, Ogawa M (2021) Acceleration of the photocatalytic degradation of organics by in-situ removal of the products of degradation. Appl Catal B 284:119705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mapukata S, Kobayashi N, Kimura M, Nyokong T (2019) Asymmetrical and symmetrical zinc phthalocyanine-cobalt ferrite conjugates embedded in electrospun fibers for dual photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes: Methyl Orange and Orange G. J Photochem Photobiol A 379:112–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ambigadevi J, Kumar PS, Vo DVN, Haran SH, Raghavan TNS (2021) Recent developments in photocatalytic remediation of textile effluent using semiconductor based nanostructured catalyst: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104881

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Maham M, Sajadi SM, Barzinjy AA (2018) Biosynthesis of the palladium/sodium borosilicate nanocomposite using Euphorbia milii extract and evaluation of its catalytic activity in the reduction of chromium(VI), nitro compounds and organic dyes. Mater Res Bull 102:24–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ku Y, Shiu SJ, Wu HC (2017) Decomposition of dimethyl phthalate in aqueous solution by UV–LED/TiO2 process under periodic illumination. J Photochem Photobiol A 332:299–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bellardita M, Paola A, Megna B, Palmisano L (2017) Absolute crystallinity and photocatalytic activity of brookite TiO2 samples. Appl Catal B 201:150–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Enesca A, Yamaguchi Y, Terashima C, Fujishima A, Nakata K, Duta A (2017) Enhanced UV–Vis photocatalytic performance of the CuInS2/TiO2/SnO2 hetero-structure for air decontamination. J Catal 350:174–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang X, Zhou J, Zhao S, Chen X, Yu Y (2018) Synergistic effect of adsorption and visible-light photocatalysis for organic pollutant removal over BiVO4/carbon sphere nanocomposites. Appl Surf Sci 453:394–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Orooji Y, Ghanbari M, Amiri O, Salavati-Niasari M (2020) Facile fabrication of silver iodide/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites by notable photo-catalytic performance through sunlight and antimicrobial activity. J Hazard Mater 389:122079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Orooji Y, Mohassel R, Amiri O, Sobhani A, Salavati-Niasari M (2020) Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO nanocomposites: green sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of different dye pollutants in water. J Alloys Compd 835:155240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen J, Liu S, Zhang L, Chen N (2015) New SnS2/La2Ti2O7 heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light activity. Mater Lett 150:44–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lozano-Sánchez LM, Obregón S, Díaz-Torres LA, Lee S, Rodríguez-González V (2015) Visible and near-infrared light-driven photocatalytic activity of erbium-doped CaTiO3 system. J Mol Catal A 410:19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen Z, Jiang H, Jin W, Shi C (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic performance over Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets with controllable size and exposed 001 facets for Rhodamine B degradation. Appl Catal B 180:698–706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zulueta YA, Nguyen MT (2018) Multisite occupation of divalent dopants in barium and strontium titanates. J Phys Chem Solids 121:151–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kiss B, Manning TD, Hesp D, Didier C, Rosseinsky MJ (2017) Nano-structured rhodium doped SrTiO3–visible light activated photocatalyst for water decontamination. Appl Catal B 206:547–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Katagiri K, Miyoshi Y, Inumaru K (2013) Preparation and photocatalytic activity of strontium titanate nanocube-dispersed mesoporous silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 407:282–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hua ZL, Zhang XY, Bai X, Lv LL, Ye ZF, Huang X (2015) Nitrogen-doped perovskite-type La2Ti2O7 decorated on graphene composites exhibiting efficient photocatalytic activity toward bisphenol A in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 450:45–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wei T, Zhang YJ, Kong LG, Kim YJ, Xu A, Karatchevtseva I, Scales N, Gregg DJ (2019) Hot isostatically pressed Y2Ti2O7 and Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore glass-ceramics as potential waste forms for actinide immobilization. J Eur Ceram Soc 39:1546–1554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gokul Raja TS, Dheebikha K, Balamurugan S, Palanisami N, Reshma A (2020) Enhanced band gap, optical and near-infra-red reflecting properties of environmentally benign synthesized nanocrystalline Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore materials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 20:2277–2285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jiang CZ, Han M, Zhang WJ (2019) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of gadolinium titanate on ofloxacin degradation after supporting on HZSM-5 zeolite. Desalin Water Treat 152:261–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Li XK, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhang WJ (2020) Polyethylene glycol in sol-gel precursor to prepare porous Gd2Ti2O7: enhanced photocatalytic activity on Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B degradation. Mater Sci Semicond Process 117:105181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Patterson A (1939) The Scherrer formula for X-ray particle size determination. Phys Rev 56:978–982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Onozuka K, Kawakami Y, Imai H, Yokoi T, Tatsumi T, Kondo JN (2012) Perovskite-type La2Ti2O7 mesoporous photocatalyst. J Solid State Chem 192:87–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Butler MA (1977) Photoelectrolysis and physical properties of the semiconducting electrode WO2. J Appl Phys 48:1914–1920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Basic Scientific Research Fund in Universities Supported by Education Department of Liaoning Province (LJKZ0234).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China

    Zhuxing Tang, Jiao Yang & Wenjie Zhang

Authors
  1. Zhuxing Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiao Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wenjie Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wenjie Zhang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 218 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tang, Z., Yang, J. & Zhang, W. The effects of calcination on sol–gel synthesized Gd2Ti2O7 photocatalyst for degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 135, 2867–2877 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02274-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02274-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation