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Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on a carbon nanodot doped tungsten trioxide: degradation product study

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Abstract

This work is focused on the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater using a nanocomposite of tungsten trioxide (WO3) and carbon nanodots (CNDs). This material was prepared by doping tungsten trioxide (WO3) with carbon nanodots (CNDs) by hydrothermal technique. The structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic properties of the CNDs-doped WO3 nanocomposite as well as an undoped WO3 nanorod were successfully characterized by TEM, XRD, Raman, FTIR, BET and UV–Vis DRS. The photocatalytic degradation performance, degradation kinetics and degradation patterns were followed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The percentage removal of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole were higher with the WO3-CNDs than the pristine WO3 photocatalyst denoting the positive effect of doping. The percentage removal of the antibiotics when monitored by UPLC-MS was found to be higher than that of UV–Visible spectroscopy. The intermediate products and pathway were different with the doped and the undoped WO3 photocatalysts.

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Acknowledgements

Financial supports from the following institutions in South Africa are gratefully acknowledged: The National Research Foundation (CPRR Grant number: 118546); Water Research Commission (Grant Number: K5/2567); Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg; Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg and DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg (UJ). The contributions of the following in-service trainees at the Electrochemistry Research Group are gratefully acknowledged: Ms Elelwani Ramudzwagi, Ms Innocentia Thabiso Mokgalaka and Ms Nelile Ndzinisa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Busisiwe Nokalika Zwane, Nonhlangabezo Mabuba, Benjamin O. Orimolade, Babatunde A. Koiki & Omotayo A. Arotiba

  2. DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Busisiwe Nokalika Zwane

  3. Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Nonhlangabezo Mabuba & Omotayo A. Arotiba

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  1. Busisiwe Nokalika Zwane
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  2. Nonhlangabezo Mabuba
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  3. Benjamin O. Orimolade
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  4. Babatunde A. Koiki
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  5. Omotayo A. Arotiba
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Correspondence to Omotayo A. Arotiba.

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Zwane, B.N., Mabuba, N., Orimolade, B.O. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on a carbon nanodot doped tungsten trioxide: degradation product study. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 131, 453–470 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-020-01841-5

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