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Development and validation of the while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination scale (WSPS) in Chinese undergraduates with/without problematic smartphone use

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Abstract

Purpose

Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has become a global public health problem. Excessive while-in-bed smartphone use may result in sleep procrastination and other negative outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a new scale called WSPS to assess while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination among undergraduates.

Methods

In total, 910 Chinese undergraduates completed the collection of WSPS, smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), bedtime procrastination scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and Zung self-rating depression scale. The whole sample were randomly splited in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) sample (n = 455) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sample (n = 455). 40 undergraduates with PSU (SAS-SV > 31) and 40 without PSU were asked to keep sleep diary for 2 weeks and complete the WSPS again.

Results

EFA and CFA supported a six-item unidimensional structure of the WSPS. The WSPS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency among undergraduates. The WSPS showed good concurrent validity with other relevant variables including PSU, BP, sleep quality, and depression. Scalar invariance of the WSPS between undergraduates with/without PSU was supported, as well as scalar invariance across gender. The WSPS showed good convergent validity with self-report everyday while-in-bed smartphone use duration and good discriminant validity with sleep duration and sleep onset latency recorded by sleep diary. The WSPS also presented good test–retest reliability among undergraduates with/without PSU.

Conclusion

The WSPS is a reliable and valid measure of while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination in undergraduates with/without PSU.

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Data availability

The raw data and analysis code that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was funded by Navy Science and Technology Project HJ20191A020135. PLA Logistics Research Project (20BJZ09); 166 Project of the Military Commission Science and Technology Commission (223-CXCY-M113-01-12-01).

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Author notes

  1. Zhihao Tu, Jingwen He and Ziying Wang have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Zhihao Tu, Ziying Wang, Chuan Wang & Jianquan Tian

  2. Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, 266043, China

    Zhihao Tu

  3. Department of Medical Psychology, NO. 96110 Hospital (affiliated with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)), Yinchuan, 750021, China

    Jingwen He

  4. Department of Psychology, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shangahi, 200433, China

    Jingwen He & Yunxiang Tang

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by ZT, JH and ZW. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ZT and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yunxiang Tang.

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Conflict of interest

Zhihao Tu, Jingwen He, Ziying Wang, Chuan Wang, Jianquan Tian, and Yunxiang Tang declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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The study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional Review Board of the Naval Medical University approved the study.

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Tu, Z., He, J., Wang, Z. et al. Development and validation of the while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination scale (WSPS) in Chinese undergraduates with/without problematic smartphone use. Qual Life Res 32, 3085–3098 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-023-03457-3

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