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The impact of toxic oil syndrome on physical and psychological health status using the HAQ and the PHQ-9 questionnaires

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Abstract

Background

Toxic oil syndrome (TOS) is a multisystemic disease due to a massive intoxication. To evaluate physical and mental health of TOS patients, we used the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9). Additionally, we correlated both questionnaires with the results of the Short Form-36v2 (SF-36v2) Health Survey obtained in the same patients’ sample.

Methods

895 TOS patients who participated in the prior SF-36v2 study were invited to participate. We described patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, HAQ and PHQ-9 results. HAQ and PHQ-9 scores were correlated to the standardised SF-36v2 results obtained in our previous study.

Results

In total, 828 (92.5%) TOS annual follow-up and HAQ and 810 (90.5%) PHQ-9 valid questionnaires were analysed. Participants’ average age was 65.4 (Standard Deviation (SD): 13.4), 521 (62.9%) were women, 725 (87.6%) reported having at least other chronic disease and 789 (95.3%) an additional TOS-related health problem. Average scores were 0.91 (SD: 0.83) for HAQ, 35.8 (SD: 10.1) for PCS and 37.8 (SD: 11.6) for MCS. Overall, 467 (57.7%) participants had moderate/severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), but only 229 (49.6%) of them reported having a depression diagnosis. Correlation between questionnaires was very strong for HAQ and physical function SF-36v2 dimension and moderate/fair for the rest of combinations.

Conclusions

TOS cohort presented low/very low health status measured with SF-36v2, moderate difficulties in performing daily activities according to HAQ, and a high prevalence of major depression measured with PHQ-9. High proportion of undiagnosed depression was detected, proving PHQ-9 useful in terms of detecting and promoting depression diagnosis in the cohort.

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Data availability

The anonymised data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Change history

  • 29 June 2022

    Link to Supplementary Information is included

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge TOS technical team (Paloma Mozo, Manuela Crespo and María Ángeles López Casado) for their contribution to patient engagement and contact with the participants. Special thanks to all the patients who participate in this research.

Funding

This work has been supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III Common Funds.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Avda, Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain

    Macarena Garrido-Estepa, Greta Arias-Merino, Verónica Alonso-Ferreira, Ana Villaverde-Hueso & Manuel Posada de la Paz

  2. CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain

    Verónica Alonso-Ferreira & Ana Villaverde-Hueso

Authors
  1. Macarena Garrido-Estepa
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  2. Greta Arias-Merino
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  3. Verónica Alonso-Ferreira
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  4. Ana Villaverde-Hueso
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  5. Manuel Posada de la Paz
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study. MPP designed and led the study, and participated in the results discussion and the manuscript review. MGE performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the paper. VAF, AVH and GAM contributed equally in the management of data, results discussion and the manuscript review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Macarena Garrido-Estepa.

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The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Ethical approval

This work was carried out as a component of the annual review, which was approved by the ISCIII Ethic Committee report CEI P17_2019.

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Garrido-Estepa, M., Arias-Merino, G., Alonso-Ferreira, V. et al. The impact of toxic oil syndrome on physical and psychological health status using the HAQ and the PHQ-9 questionnaires. Qual Life Res 31, 2995–3008 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-022-03161-8

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