Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a population of Spanish adolescents.
Methods
Cross-sectional study among 4,146 individuals (mean age 16.3 years). The students completed a health questionnaire that included the GHQ-12. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with four factor structure models. Three of the models were theory-driven: unidimensional, two-dimensional (positive and negative questions), model proposed by Graetz (anxiety and depression, social dysfunction, loss of confidence); and the fourth model was based on our exploratory factor analysis (EFA).
Results
The Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency was 0.82. A three-dimensional structure was identified in the EFA. The first factor included items 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9 of the GHQ-12; the second, items 3, 10, and 11; and the third, items 4, 8, and 12. The three factors together explained 53.7% of the variance. The model with the best fit in the CFA was the three-dimensional model proposed by Graetz, followed by the three-dimensional model derived from the EFA. These two models had acceptable goodness-of-fit indices.
Conclusions
In an adolescent population from Southern Europe, the GHQ-12 showed high internal consistency. The factor structure that best fitted the data was the Graetz three-dimensional model. However, the high correlations observed between factors suggest that the GHQ-12 should be used as a unidimensional scale, as currently done.
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Abbreviations
- GHQ:
-
General Health Questionnaire
- CFA:
-
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
- EFA:
-
Exploratory Factor Analysis
- RMSEA:
-
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
- CFI:
-
Comparative Fit Index
- GFI:
-
Goodness-of-Fit Index
- ECVI:
-
Expected Cross-Validation Index
- AIC:
-
Akaike Information Criterion
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Madrid Regional Authority for Health, Spain. We thank the interviewers and respondents as well as Miguel de la Fuente for the fieldwork support.
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Padrón, A., Galán, I., Durbán, M. et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish adolescents. Qual Life Res 21, 1291–1298 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0038-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0038-x