Skip to main content
Log in

A mixed-mode sensitive research on cannabis use and sexual addiction: improving self-reporting by means of indirect questioning techniques

  • Published:
Quality & Quantity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this article, we describe the methods employed and the results obtained from a mixed-mode “sensitive research” conducted in Spain to estimate certain aspects concerning patterns of cannabis consumption and sexual addiction among university students. Three different data-collection methods are considered and compared: direct questioning, randomized response technique and item sum technique. It is shown that posing direct questions to obtain sensitive data produces significantly lower estimates of the surveyed characteristics than do indirect questioning methods. From the analysis, it emerges that male students seem to be more affected by sex addiction than female students while for cannabis consumption there is no evidence of a predominant gender effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Selectivity mark is the score obtained in the university entrance examination. It is computed by summing the marks of two phases, the general and the specific. The general phase consists of four tests, and is scored from 0 to 10. The specific phase consists of two tests and is scored from 0 to 4.

  2. Informe 2016. Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES). 1994–2014. Observatorio español de la droga y las toxicomanías. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Available at: http://www.pnsd.msssi.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/informesEstadisticas.

References

  • Aggleton, P., Ball, A., Mane, P. (eds.): Sex, Drugs and Young People: International Perspectives. Routledge, London (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Lev, S.K., Bobovitch, E., Boukai, B.: A note on randomized response models for quantitative data. Metrika 60, 255–260 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnes, P.: Contrary to Love: Helping the Sexual Addict. CompCare Publisher, Minnesota (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, A., Christofides, T.: Indirect Questioning in Sample Surveys. Springer, Berlin (2013)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cobo, B., Rueda, M., Arcos, A.: RRTCS: Randomized Response Techniques for Complex Surveys. R package version 0.0.3. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RRTCS/ (2015)

  • Cochran, W.: Sampling Techniques. Wiley, New York (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, M.G., Pieters, R., Stremersch, S.: Analysis of sensitive questions across cultures: an application of multigroup item randomized response theory to sexual attitudes and behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 103, 543–64 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson-Swift, V., James, E.L., Liamputtong, P.: Undertaking Sensitive Research in the Health and Social Sciences: Managing Boundaries, Emotions and Risks. Cambridge University Press, New York (2008)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, P., Striegel, H., Franke, A.G., Lieb, K., Simon, P., Ulrich, R.: Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students. Pharmacotherapy 33, 44–50 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: European Drug Report 2016: Trends and Developments. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2016 (2016)

  • Geng, G.Z., Gao, G., Ruan, Y.H., Yu, M.R., Zhou, Y.H.: Behavioral risk profile of men who have sex with men in Beijing, China: results from a cross-sectional survey with randomized response techniques. Chin. Med. J. 129, 523–529 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodstadt, M.S., Gruson, V.: The randomized response technique: a test on drug use. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 70, 814–818 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, R.M., Fowler, F.J., Couper, M.O., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E., Tourangeau, R.: Survey Methodology. Wiley, Hoboken (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, L., Hughes, A.: The validity of self-reported drug use: improving the accuracy of survey estimates. NIDA Res. Monogr. 167, 1–16 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvitz, D.G., Thompson, D.J.: A generalization of sampling without replacement from a finite universe. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 47, 663–685 (1952)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.M., Fairman, B., Gilreath, T., Xuan, Z., Rothman, E.F., Parnham, T., Furr-Holden, C.D.: Past 15-year trends in adolescent marijuana use: differences by race/ethnicity and sex. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1, 155–158 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerkvliet, J.: Estimating a logit model with randomized data: the case of cocaine use. Aust. J. Stat. 36, 9–20 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.P., Lindquist, C.H., Warner, T.D., Fisher, B.S., Martin, S.L., Childers, J.M.: Comparing sexual assault prevalence estimates obtained with direct and indirect questioning techniques. Violence Against Women 17, 219–235 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaBrie, J.W., Earleywine, M.: Sexual risk behaviors and alcohol: higher base rates revealed using the unmatched-count technique. J. Sex Res. 37, 321–326 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamarine, R.J.: Marijuana: modern medical chimera. J. Drug Educ. 42, 1–11 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lensvelt-Mulders, G.J.L.M., Hox, J.J., van der Heijden, P.G.M., Mass, C.J.M.: Meta-analysis of randomized response research: thirty-five years of validation. Sociol. Methods Res. 33, 319–348 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S.B.: What is sexual addiction? J. Sex Marital Ther. 36, 261–275 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liamputtong, P.: Researching the Vulnerable: A Guide to Sensitive Research Methods. Sage Publications, London (2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.D.: (1984). A New Survey Technique for Studying Deviant Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis, The George Washington University

  • Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S.: Motivational Interviewing: To Prepare for Change of Addictive Behaviors. The Guilford Press, London (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miner, M.H.: Improving the measurement of criminal sexual behavior. The application of randomized response technique. Sex. Abuse 20, 88–101 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perri, P.F., Rueda, M., Cobo, B.: Multiple sensitive estimation and optimal sample size allocation in the item sum technique. Biom. J. (in press) (2017). doi:10.1002/bimj.201700021

  • Pitsch, W., Emrich, E., Klein, M.: Doping in elite sports in Germany: Results of a www survey. Eur. J. Sport Soc. 4, 89–102 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, P., Striegel, H., Aust, F., Dietz, K., Ulrich, R.: Doping in fitness sports: estimated number of unreported cases and individual probability of doping. Addiction 101, 1640–1644 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamsipour, M., Yunesian, M., Fotouhi, A., Jann, B., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Asghari, F., Akhlaghi, A.A.: Estimating the prevalence of illicit drug use among students using the crosswise model. Subst. Use Misuse 49, 1303–1310 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, R., Nigam, A.K., Singh, N.: Application of randomized response techniques in estimation of prevalence of child sexual abuse. Stat. Appl. 13, 37–45 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Striegel, H., Ulrich, R., Simon, P.: Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 106, 230–232 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbe, J.H., Chorus, A.M.J., Frank, L.E., de Hon, O., van der Heijden, P.G.M.: Prevalence of use of performance enhancing drugs by fitness center members. Drug Test. Anal. 6, 434–438 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, G.-L., Tang, M.-L.: Incomplete Categorical Data Design: Non-Randomized Response Techniques for Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, R., Smith, T.: Asking sensitive questions: the impact of data collection, question format, and question context. Public Opin. Q. 60, 275–304 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, R., Yan, T.: Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol. Bull. 133, 859–883 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trappmann, M., Krumpal, I., Kirchner, A., Jann, B.: Item sum: a new technique for asking quantitative sensitive questions. J. Surv. Stat. Methodol. 2, 58–77 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.A., Braithwaite, J.: Self-reported alcohol consumption and sexual behavior in males and females: Using the unmatched-count technique to examine reporting practices of socially sensitive subjects in a sample of university students. J. Alcohol Drug Educ. 52, 49–72 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, S.L.: Randomized response: a survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 60, 63–69 (1965)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, A.N., Steer, R.A., Lipton, D.S.: Estimating illicit drug use through telephone interviews and the randomized response technique. Drug Alcohol Depend. 18, 225–233 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter, K.: Introduction to Variance Estimation. Springer, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is partially supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant MTM2015-63609-R, Spain), Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (grant FPU, Spain) and by the project PRIN-SURWEY (grant 2012F42NS8, Italy).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pier Francesco Perri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Perri, P.F., Cobo Rodríguez, B. & Rueda García, M.d. A mixed-mode sensitive research on cannabis use and sexual addiction: improving self-reporting by means of indirect questioning techniques. Qual Quant 52, 1593–1611 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0537-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0537-0

Keywords

Navigation