Abstract
The linear mixed-effects model has been widely used for the analysis of continuous longitudinal data. This paper demonstrates that the linear mixed model can be adapted and used for the analysis of structured repeated measurements. A computational advantage of the proposed methodology is that there is no extra burden on the analyst since any software for linear mixed-effects models can be used to fit the proposed models. Two data sets from clinical psychology are used as motivating examples and to illustrate the methods.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.
N. Amir J. Stafford M.S. Freshman E.B. Foa (1998) ArticleTitleRelationship between trauma narratives and trauma pathology Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 385–392 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1024415523495 Occurrence Handle9565923
Boersma P., Weenink D. (1996) Praat: A system for doing phonetics by computer, version 3.4, Report 132. Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
C.R. Brewin (2001) ArticleTitleA cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 373–393 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00087-5 Occurrence Handle11280338
C.R. Brewin T. Dalgleish S. Joseph (1996) ArticleTitleA dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder Psychological Review 103 670–686 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.670 Occurrence Handle8888651
A.S. Bryk S.W. Raudenbush (1992) Hierarchical Linear Models: Application and Data Analysis Methods SAGE Publications London
C.J.H.B. Catrien L.J.T. Der Kamp ParticleVan A. Mooijart W.A. Der Kloot ParticleVan R. Der Linden ParticleVan E. Der Burg ParticleVan (1998) Longitudinal Data Analysis:Designs, Models and Methods SAGE Publications London.
P.J. Diggle K.Y. Liang S.L. Zeger (1994) Analysis of Longitudinal Data Clarendon Press Oxford
E.B. Foa C. Molnar L. Cashman (1995) ArticleTitleChange in rape narratives during exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 675–690 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02102894 Occurrence Handle8564278
H. Goldstein (1995) Multilevel Statistical Models EditionNumber2nd edn Edward Arnold London.
C. HoogduinK. Verdellen D. Cath (1997) ArticleTitleExposure and response prevention in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Four case studies Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 4 IssueID2 125–137 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199706)4:2<125::AID-CPP125>3.0.CO;2-Z
J. Hox (2002) Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Inc New Jersey
N.M. Laird J.H. Ware (1982) ArticleTitleRandom effects models for longitudinal data Biometrics 38 963–974 Occurrence Handle7168798
P.J. Lang M.M. Bradley B.N. Cuthbert (1998) ArticleTitleEmotion, motivation and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Society of Biological Psychiatry 44 1248–1263 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3
P.J. Lang M. Davis A. Hman (2000) ArticleTitleFear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders 61 137–159 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00343-8 Occurrence Handle11163418
J. LeDoux (1996) The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life Simon and Schuster New york
J.W. Pennebaker (1993) ArticleTitlePutting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications Behavior Research and Therapy 31 539–548 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4
J.W. Pennebaker M.E. Francis (1996) ArticleTitleCognitive, emotional and language processes in disclosure Cognition and Emotion 10 601–626 Occurrence Handle10.1080/026999396380079
J.W. Pennebaker J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser R. Glaser (1998) ArticleTitleDisclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 239–245 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-006X.56.2.239
J.W. Pennebaker Mayne T.J. M.E. Francis (1997) ArticleTitleLinguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12 IssueID4 863–871 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.863
N.T. Longford (1993) Random Coefficient Models Clarendon Press Oxford
J.F. Leckman Walker D.E. D.J. Cohen (1993) ArticleTitlePremonitory urges in Tourette’s syndrome American Journal of Psychiatry 150 IssueID1 98–102 Occurrence Handle8417589
I.M. Marks (1987) Fears, Phobias and Rituals. Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders Oxford University Press Newyork
T.A.B. Snijders (1996) ArticleTitleAnalysis of longitudinal data using the hierarchical linear model Quality and Quantity 30 405–426 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00170145
T.A.B. Snijders R. Bosker (1999) Multilevel Analysis Sage Publications London
A. Van Minnen I. Wessel T. Dijkstra K. Roelofs (2002) ArticleTitleChanges in narratives during prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD-patients: A replication and extension Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 255–258 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015263513654 Occurrence Handle12092918
G. Verbeke G. Molenberghs (1997) Linear Mixed Models in Practice: A SAS-Oriented Approach Springer-Verlag Newyork
G. Verbeke G. Molenberghs (2000) Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data Springer-Verlag Newyork
Verbeke G., Spiessens B., Lesaffre E. (2001) Conditional Linear Mixed Models; American Statistician 55:25–34
C.W.J. Verdellen C.A.L. Hoogduin N. Plandsoen (1994) ArticleTitleExposure en responsepreventie bij de behandeling van het syndroom van Gilles de la Tourette: een gevalsbeschrijving Directieve Therapie 14 114–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kato, B.S., Hoijtink, H., Verdellen, C. et al. Application of Multilevel Models to Structured Repeated Measurements. Qual Quant 39, 711–732 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-4482-y
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-4482-y