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Isolation, Characterization and Quantification of Tricin and Flavonolignans in the Medicinal Rice Njavara (Oryza sativa L.), as Compared to Staple Varieties

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Abstract

Njavara is an important medicinal rice variety of Kerala, India, widely used in Ayurveda as a ‘health food’ and in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, paralysis, neurodegenerative diseases and in rejuvenation therapy. Phytochemical investigations and spectroscopic studies of the diethyl ether fraction of methanolic extract of Njavara Black (NB) rice bran gave three important compounds namely, tricin and two rare flavonolignans- tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether. The EC50 values of these compounds in DPPH system were 90.39, 352.04 and 208.1 μg/ml, respectively. Quantification of the compounds by HPLC in NB and staple, non-medicinal rice varieties Sujatha (SJ) and Palakkadan Matta (PM) showed that tricin is present 39.64 and 16.12 fold higher in NB, compared to SJ and PM, respectively. This is the first report on the occurrence of tricin at significantly higher levels in Njavara and occurrence of the two flavonolignans in Oryza sativa species. Of the three compounds, tricin and the threo- form of flavonolignan showed anti-inflammatory effect of >65% after 5 h, at 2 mg/kg, in carrageenan-induced, paw edema experiments in rats. The results of the study corroborate with the preferential use of Njavara in indigenous medicine, over staple varieties.

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Abbreviations

COX:

cyclooxygenase

DPPH:

2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EC50 :

amount of extract or compound needed to decrease the initial DPPH concentration by 50%

HPLC-PDA:

high performance liquid chromatograph-photodiode array

IR:

infra red

MS:

mass spectrometry

NB:

Njavara Black

ND:

not detected

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

NO:

nitric oxide

NSAIDs:

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

PM:

Palakkadan Matta

RAW 264.7:

cell line of mouse macrophages

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SD:

standard deviation

SEM:

standard error mean

SJ:

Sujatha

SPSS/PC+:

statistical programme software

UV–VIS:

ultra violet-visible

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the funding assistance provided by Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Government of Kerala. The author Smitha Mohanlal wishes to thank Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India for the financial support as Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). Thanks are also due to Director, NIIST, CSIR and Head, Department of Biochemistry for constant encouragement and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Industrial Estate P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India

    Smitha Mohanlal, Rathnam Parvathy & Ananthasankaran Jayalekshmy

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 581, India

    Vasantha Shalini & Antony Helen

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  1. Smitha Mohanlal
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  2. Rathnam Parvathy
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Correspondence to Ananthasankaran Jayalekshmy.

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Mohanlal, S., Parvathy, R., Shalini, V. et al. Isolation, Characterization and Quantification of Tricin and Flavonolignans in the Medicinal Rice Njavara (Oryza sativa L.), as Compared to Staple Varieties. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 66, 91–96 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-0217-5

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