Skip to main content

Elevated Plasma S100B, Psychotic Symptoms, and Cognition in Schizophrenia

Psychiatric Quarterly volume 89, pages 53–60 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

S100B is a calcium binding protein mainly produced by glial cells. Previous studies have shown elevated levels of S100B in patients with schizophrenia. We measured S100B levels in fasting plasma of 39 patients with schizophrenia and 19 adult healthy controls. We used linear regression to compare S100B between patients and controls. In patients only, we also investigated the relationship between S100B levels and psychotic symptoms (assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), and cognitive function (assessed by the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery), respectively by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Mean plasma S100B was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. There were no significant correlations between plasma S100B and psychotic symptoms or cognition.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  1. Moore BW. A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1965; 19:739–744.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW. The S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins: functions and pathology. Trends Biochem Sci 1996; 21:134–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rothermundt M, Ponath G, Glaser T, Hetzel G, Arolt V. S100B serum levels and long-term improvement of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 29:1004–1011.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Donato R. Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 60:540–551.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rothermundt M, Falkai P, Ponath G, Abel S, Burkle H, Diedrich M, Hetzel G, Peters M, Siegmund A, Pedersen A, Maier W, Schramm J, Suslow T, Ohrmann P, Arolt V. Glial cell dysfunction in schizophrenia indicated by increased S100B in the CSF. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:897–899.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alexanian AR, Bamburg JR. Neuronal survival activity of s100betabeta is enhanced by calcineurin inhibitors and requires activation of NF-kappaB. FASEB J 1999; 13:1611–20.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mariggió MA, Fulle S, Calissano P, Nicoletti I, Fanó G. The brain protein S-100ab induces apoptosis in PC12 cells. Neuroscience 1994; 60:29–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S, Brustugun OT, Døskeland SO. Injected cytochrome c induces apoptosis. Nature 1998; 391:449–450.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lara DR, Gama CS, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Portela LVC, Goncalves CA, Fonseca M, Hauck S, Souza DO. Increased serum S100B protein in schizophrenia: a study in medication-free patients. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35:11–14.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schmitt A, Bertsch T, Henning U, Tost H, Klimke A, Henn FA, Falkai P. Increased serum S100B in elderly, chronic schizophrenic patients: Negative correlation with deficit symptoms. Schizophr Res 2005; 80:305–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schroeter ML, Abdul-Khaliq H, Frühauf S, Höhne R, Schick G, Diefenbacher A, Blasig IE. Serum S100B is increased during early treatment with antipsychotics and in deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003; 62:231–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yelmo-Cruz S, Morera-Fumero AL, Abreu-González P. S100B and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:67–75.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang XY, Xiu MH, Song C, Chen DC, Wu GY, Haile CN, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Increased serum S100B in never-medicated and medicated schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1236–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang XY, Xiu MH, Chen DC, Zhu FY, Wu GY, Haile CN, Lu L, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Increased S100B serum levels in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: association with dyskinetic movements. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:429–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Steiner J, Bielau H, Bernstein H-G, Bogerts B, Wunderlich MT. Increased cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of S100B in first-onset schizophrenia are not related to a degenerative release of glial fibrillar acidic protein, myelin basic protein and neurone-specific enolase from glia or neurones. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:1284–1287.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Rothermundt M, Missler U, Arolt V, Peters M, Leadbeater J, Wiesmann M, Rudolf S, Wandinger KP, Kirchner H. Increased S100B blood levels in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients are correlated with negative symptomatology. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:445–9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ling S, Tang Y, Jiang F, Wiste A, Guo S, Weng Y, Yang T-S. Plasma S-100B protein in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: comparison with healthy controls and effect of antipsychotics treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hendouei N, Hamzeh S, Panahi A, Khazaeipour Z. Negative Correlation between Serum S100B and Leptin Levels in Schizophrenic Patients During Treatment with Clozapine and Risperidone : Preliminary Evidence. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15:323–330.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Qi LY, Xiu MH, Chen DC, Wang F, Kosten TA, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Increased serum S100B levels in chronic schizophrenic patients on long-term clozapine or typical antipsychotics. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:113–117.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Roder JK, Roder JC, Gerlai R. Conspecific exploration in the T-maze: Abnormalities in S100β transgenic mice. Physiol Behav 1996; 60:31–36.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Wingate M, Borella A, Gerlai R, Roder J, Azmitia EC. Transgenic mice overexpressing the neurotrophic factor S-100β show neuronal cytoskeletal and behavioral signs of altered aging processes: implications for Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome. Brain Res 1997; 776:51–60.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Winocur G, Roder J, Lobaugh N. Learning and Memory in S100-β Transgenic Mice: An Analysis of Impaired and Preserved Function. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2001; 75:230–243.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pedersen A, Diedrich M, Kaestner F, Koelkebeck K, Ohrmann P, Ponath G, Kipp F, Abel S, Siegmund A, Suslow T, von Eiff C, Arolt V, Rothermundt M. Memory impairment correlates with increased S100B serum concentrations in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1789–1792.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen S, Tian L, Chen N, Xiu M, Wang Z, Yang G, Wang C, Yang F, Tan Y. Cognitive dysfunction correlates with elevated serum S100B concentration in drug-free acutely relapsed patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:6–11.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sheehan D V, Janavs J, Baker R, Harnett-Sheehan K, Knapp E, Sheehan M, Lecrubier Y, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Amorim P, others. MINI-Mini International neuropsychiatric interview-english version 5.0. 0-DSM-IV. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:34–57.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kay SR, Flszbein A, Opfer LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987; 13:261.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gershon RC, Wagster M V, Hendrie HC, Fox NA, Cook KF, Nowinski CJ. NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology 2013; 80:S2--S6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Zelazo PD, Bauer PJ. National institutes of health toolbox cognition battery (NIH Toolbox CB): Validation for children between 3 and 15 years. Wiley; 2013.

  29. Steiner J, Bernstein H-G, Bielau H, Farkas N, Winter J, Dobrowolny H, Brisch R, Gos T, Mawrin C, Myint AM. S100B-immunopositive glia is elevated in paranoid as compared to residual schizophrenia: a morphometric study. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:868–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morera-Fumero AL, Díaz-Mesa E, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Fernandez-Lopez L, Cejas-Mendez M del R. Day/night changes in serum S100B protein concentrations in acute paranoid schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:207–212.

  31. Steiner J, Bernstein H-G, Bielau H, Berndt A, Brisch R, Mawrin C, Keilhoff G, Bogerts B. Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all persons who kindly participated in the study.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 2800 South MacGregor Way, Houston, TX, 77021, USA

    Huiqiong Deng, Satyajit Mohite, Pooja A. Amin, Jair C. Soares & Olaoluwa O. Okusaga

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Huiqiong Deng, Satyajit Mohite, Giovana Zunta-Soares, Gabriela D. Colpo, Laura Stertz, Gabriel R. Fries, Consuelo Walss-Bass, Jair C. Soares & Olaoluwa O. Okusaga

  3. Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Ramandeep S. Kahlon

Authors
  1. Huiqiong Deng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ramandeep S. Kahlon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Satyajit Mohite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pooja A. Amin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giovana Zunta-Soares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gabriela D. Colpo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Laura Stertz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Gabriel R. Fries
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Consuelo Walss-Bass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Jair C. Soares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Olaoluwa O. Okusaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olaoluwa O. Okusaga.

Ethics declarations

Funding

No source of funding was available for this study.

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Jair C. Soares has received grant/research support from BMS, Forest, Merck, Elan, and J&J, support as consultant at Astellas, and support to Speakers Bureau at Pfizer and Abbott. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deng, H., Kahlon, R.S., Mohite, S. et al. Elevated Plasma S100B, Psychotic Symptoms, and Cognition in Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 89, 53–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9514-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9514-y

Keywords

  • S100B
  • Schizophrenia
  • Psychotic symptoms
  • NIH toolbox cognition battery
  • Cognition