Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Actual Instructional Time in African Primary Schools: Factors that Reduce School Quality in Developing Countries

  • Instructional Time
  • Published:
PROSPECTS Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • M. Ainsworth K. Beegle G. Koda (2002) The impact of adult mortality on primary school enrolment in Northwestern Tanzania World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Ali T. Reed (1994) A school and parental survey of book provision issues in NWFP International Book Development, Ltd London

    Google Scholar 

  • L.W. Anderson (1976) ArticleTitleAn empirical investigation of individual differences in time to learn Journal of educational psychology 68 IssueID2 226–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Attar, M. 2001. Ghana country report. In: Pillai, S., ed. Strategies for introducing new curricula in West Africa, final report of the seminar held in Lagos, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. Geneva: IBE-UNESCO

  • D. Baker B. Goesling G. LeTendre (2002) ArticleTitleSocioeconomic status, school quality and national economic development Comparative education review 46 IssueID3 291–312

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Baker (1988) ArticleTitleSchooling and disadvantage in Sri Lankan and other rural situations Comparative education 24 IssueID3 377–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Benavot, A. 2002. Educational globalization and the allocation of instructional time in national education systems. Report submitted to the International Bureau of Education (Geneva) as a contribution to UNESCO‘s Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2002

  • P. Bennell K. Hyde N. Swainson (2002) The impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis of the findings and recommendations of three country studies University of Sussex, Institute of Education, Center for International Education Brighton, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Bloom (1971) Handbook on formative and summative evaluation of student learning McGraw Hill New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Bloom (1974) ArticleTitleTime and learning American psychologist 29 682–688

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Bray (2000) Double-shift schooling: design and operation for cost-effectiveness EditionNumber2nd The Commonwealth Secretariat and IIEP-UNESCO London

    Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Bright (1988) ArticleTitleTime-on-task in computer and non-computer estimation games Journal of computers in mathematics and science teaching 7 IssueID4 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Buchmann E. Hannum (2001) ArticleTitleEducation and stratification in developing countries: a review of theories and research Annual review of sociology 27 77–103

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Carroll (1963) ArticleTitleA model of school learning Teachers college record 64 723–733

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhury, N.; Hammer, J. 2003. Ghost doctors: absenteeism in Bangladeshi health facilities. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Services. (Policy Research Working Paper 3065)

  • C. Coombe M. Kelly (2001) ArticleTitleEducation as a vehicle for combatting HIV/AIDS Prospects 31 435–445

    Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Dia (2003) Instructional time in primary school: the cases of Burkina Faso and the Gambia World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameEducational Assessment and Research Centre (EARC) (2003) Teacher time-on-task World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • R.G. Ehrenberg D.I. Rees E.L. Ehrenberg (1991) ArticleTitleSchool district leave policies, teacher absenteeism, and student achievement Journal of human resources 26 IssueID1 72–105

    Google Scholar 

  • N. El-Sanabiy (1989) Determinants of women‘s education in the middle East and North Africa: illustrations from seven countries World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Fairhurst et al. (1999) The effectiveness of teacher resource centre strategy Department for International Development London

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Filmer L. Pritchett (1999) ArticleTitleThe effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries Population and development review 25 85–120

    Google Scholar 

  • C.W. Fisher D.C. Berliner (Eds) (1985) Perspectives on instructional time Longman New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • C.W. Fisher et al. (1978) Teaching behaviors, academic learning time and student achievement Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development San Francisco, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Fredrick H. Walberg (1980) ArticleTitleLearning as a function of time Journal of educational research 73 IssueID4 183–194

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Fuller (1987) ArticleTitleWhat school factors raise achievement in the Third World Review of educational research 57 255–92

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Fuller P. Clarke (1994) ArticleTitleRaising school effects while ignoring culture? Local conditions and the influence of classroom tools, rules and pedagogy Review of educational research 64 119–57

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Fuller et al. (1999) ArticleTitleHow to raise children‘s early literacy? The influence of family, teacher, and classroom in Northeast Brazil Comparative education review 43 1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Fusaro (1997) ArticleTitleThe effect of full day kindergarten on student achievement: a meta-analysis Child study journal 27 IssueID4 269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemechu, D.T. 2001. Ethiopia country report. In: Final report of the seminar held in Nairobi, Kenya, 25–29 June 2001. Geneva, Switzerland: IBE-UNESCO

  • M. Gettinger (1984) ArticleTitleIndividual differences in time needed for learning: a review of the literature Educational psychologist 19 15–29

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Gettinger (1989) ArticleTitleEffects of maximizing time spent and minimizing time needed for learning on pupil achievement American educational research journal 26 73–91

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Glewwe M. Kremer S. Moulin (1999) Textbooks and test scores: evidence from a prospective evaluation in Kenya World Bank (World Bank Draft) Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, B.; Huber, H. 2003. The social demand for schooling in HIV/AIDS affected populations in Tanzania: summary results from a field survey. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam. (Draft paper for presentation at the Project Results Dissemination Workshops)

  • C. Greenwood (1991) ArticleTitleLongitudinal analysis of time, engagement and achievement in at-risk versus non-risk students Exceptional children 57 IssueID6 521–35

    Google Scholar 

  • E.A. Hanushek V. Lavy (1994) School quality, achievement bias and dropout behavior in Egypt World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Heyneman W. Loxley (1983) ArticleTitleThe effect of primary school quality on academic achievement across twenty-nine high and low income countries American journal of sociology 88 IssueID6 1162–1194

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Hunter J. Williamson (2000) Children on the brink: executive summary USAID Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • S.H. Huyvaert (1998) Time is of the essence: learning in schools Allyn &␣Bacon Needham Heights, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • International Bureau of Education (IBE)-UNESCO, 1996. Primary school repetition: a global perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: IBE-UNESCO

  • International Bureau of Education (IBE). 2002. A new challenge: scaling up the educational response to HIV/AIDS. Educational innovation and information (Geneva), no. 110

  • S.L. Jacobson (1991) ArticleTitleAttendance incentives and teacher absenteeism Planning & changing 21 IssueID2 78–93

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Jamison M. Lockheed (1987) ArticleTitleParticipation in schooling: determinants and learning outcomes Economic development and cultural change 35 IssueID2 279–06

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Karweit (1976) ArticleTitleA reanalysis of the effect of quantity of schooling on achievement Sociology of education 49 236–246

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Karweit (1983) Time on task: a research review The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Karweit (1985) ArticleTitleShould we lengthen the school term? Educational researcher 14 9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, M.J. 2000. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the rights of the child to education. Paper presented at SADC-EU Seminar on The Rights of the Child in a World with HIV and AIDS, Harare, 23 October 2000

  • E.M. King P.F. Orazem E.M. Paterno (1999) Promotion with and without learning: effects on student dropout World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • E.M. King B. Ozler (2001) What‘s decentralization got to do with learning? Endogenous school quality and student performance in Nicaragua World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Kremer et al. (1997) The quality–quantity tradeoff in education: evidence from a prospective evaluation in Kenya World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Linden (2001) Double-shifts secondary school: possibilities and issues World Bank Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Lockheed B. Fuller R. Nyirongo (1989) ArticleTitleFamily effects on students‘ achievement in Thailand and Malawi Sociology of education 62 239–256

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Lockheed A.M. Verspoor (1992) Improving primary education in developing countries Oxford University Press New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • A.D. Mason S. Khandker (1997) Household schooling decisions in Tanzania The World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Millot J. Lane (2002) ArticleTitleThe efficient use of time in education Education economics 10 209–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Njie, F., 2001. Gambia country report. In: Pillai, S., ed. Strategies for introducing new curricula in West Africa. Final report of the seminar held in Lagos, Nigeria. Geneva, Switzerland, IBE-UNESCO

  • Onwu, G., 1999. Inquiring into the concept of large classes: emerging topologies in an African context. In: Naidoo, P.; Savage, M., eds. Using the local resources base to teach science and technology. Westville, South Africa: University of Durban. (African Forum for Children‘ Literacy in Science and Technology (AFCLIST) publication.)

  • Osler, A. 2001. Education and violence: education in emergency situations – the issue of social cohesion. In: Final report of the seminar held in Nairobi, Kenya, 25–29 June 2001. Geneva, Switzerland: IBE

  • Perie, M.; Baker, D.; Bobbitt, S. 1997. Time spent teaching core academic subjects in elementary schools. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics. (NCES 97--293)

  • E. Pitkoff (1993) ArticleTitleTeacher absenteeism: what administrators can do NASSP Bulletin 77 IssueID551 39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNamePROBE (1999) Public report on basic education in India Oxford University Press New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • G.V.L.N. Rao (1999) Teachers absenteeism in primary school: a field study in select districts of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh District Primary Education Programme New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Reimers (1993) ArticleTitleTime and opportunity to learn in Pakistan‘s schools: some lessons on the links between research and policy Comparative education 29 IssueID2 201–12

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Rogers (2003) Indonesia education absenteeism survey World Bank and SMERU Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Romberg (1980) Salient features of the BTES framework of teacher behavior C.C. Denham A. Liebermen (Eds) Time to learn U.S. Department of Education Washington, DC 73–93

    Google Scholar 

  • B.V. Rosenshine (1979) Content, time and direct instruction P.L. Peterson H.J. Walberg (Eds) Research on teaching: concepts, findings and implications McCutchean Berkeley, CA 28–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J. et al. 2003. What happens during the school day? Time diaries from a national sample of elementary school teachers. Teachers College record (New York, NY), on-line article #11018. <http://www.tcrecord.org/PrintContent.asp?ContentID=11018 >

  • Sen, A. 2002. Pratichi education report: an introduction. < http://www.amartyasen.net/pratichi. htm >

  • I. Schenker (2001) ArticleTitleNew challenges for school AIDS education within an evolving HIV pandemic Prospects 30 IssueID3 415–434

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Schenker (2003) AIDS. History of childhood encyclopedia MacMillan References New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Schenker J. Nyrenda (2002) Preventing HIV/AIDS in schools International Bureau of Education and the International Academy of Education Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Smith (2000) ArticleTitleQuantity matters: annual instructional time in an urban school system Educational administration quarterly 36 IssueID5 652–682

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Smyth (1985) A context for the study of time and instruction C.W. Fisher D.C. Berliner (Eds) Perspectives on instructional time Longman New York, NY 3–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Stallings, J.A. 1975. Implementation and child effects of teaching practices in follow through classrooms. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Chicago, IL), vol. 40, no. 163

  • F.E. Stevens (1993) ArticleTitleApplying an opportunity-to-learn conceptual framework to the investigation of the effects of teaching practices via secondary analyses of multiple-case-study summary data The journal of Negro education (Washington, DC) 62 IssueID3 232–248

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Tan J. Lane P. Coustère (1997) ArticleTitlePutting inputs to work in elementary schools: what can be done in the Philippines Economic development and cultural change 45 IssueID4 857–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzania Development Research Group (TADREG). 1993. Parents attitudes and strategies towards education in rural Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TADREG

  • UNAIDS website: < http://www.unaids.org >

  • UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: < http://www.uis.unesco.org/ >

  • UNESCO. 1998. World education report. Paris: UNESCO

  • UNESCO. 2000. World education report. Paris: UNESCO

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameUNESCO (2003) EFA global monitoring report, 2003/4: gender and education for all, the leap to equality UNESCO Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO-IIEP website: < http://www.unesco.org/iiep/ >

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameUNICEF (1996) The state of the world‘s children Oxford University Press New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF, 2003. Fact sheet on HIV/AIDS. New York, NY

  • P. Verwimp (1999) ArticleTitleMeasuring the quality of education at two levels: a case study of primary schools in rural Ethiopia International review of education 45 IssueID2 167–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Walberg, H.J. 1984. Improving the productivity of America‘s school. Educational leadership (Alexandria, VA) pp. 19-27

  • H.J. Walberg (1988) ArticleTitleSynthesis of research on time and learning Educational leadership 45 IssueID6 76–85

    Google Scholar 

  • H.J. Walberg W.C. Fredrick (1991) Extending learning time United States Department of Education Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Wang (1998) ArticleTitleOpportunity to learn: the impacts and policy implications Educational evaluation and policy analysis 20 IssueID3 137–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, D.E.; Harnischfeger, A. 1974. Explosion of a myth: quantity of schooling and exposure to instruction: major education vehicles. Educational researcher (Washington, DC), pp. 7-11.

  • B. Wolfe J. Behrman (1984) ArticleTitleWho is schooled in developing countries? The roles of income, parental schooling, sex, residence and family size Economics of education review 3 IssueID3 231–245

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 1999. Tanzania social sector review. Washington, DC

  • World Bank. 2001. Expanding and improving upper primary education in India. Washington, DC

  • World Bank Human Development Network. 2002. Education and HIV/AIDS: a window of hope. Washington, DC

  • World Bank; Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). 2000. Secondary education in Brazil: time to move forward. Washington, DC.

  • B.R. Worthen L.M. Van Dusen P.J. Sailor (1994) ArticleTitleA comparative study of the impact of integrated learning systems on students‘ time-on-task International journal of educational research 21 IssueID1 25–37

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Yair (2000) ArticleTitleNot just about time: instructional practices and productive time in school Educational administration quarterly 6 IssueID4 485–512

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aaron Benavot.

Additional information

Original language: English

Aaron Benavot (Israel)

Senior lecturer in sociology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has co-authored two books, School Knowledge for the Masses (with J. Meyer and D. Kamens) and Law and the Shaping of Public Education (with D. Tyack and T. James), as well as numerous articles in educational journals. His research, which is grounded in a macro-sociological approach to education and development, has examined historical and cross-national patterns in official school curricula, the effects of education on economic development and democratization, and the origins of mass education. Current projects focus on world-wide trends in intended instructional time and primary and secondary school curricula, and the diversification of educational knowledge in local schools. E-mail: msbenavo@mscc.huji.ac.il.

Limor Gad (Israel)

A graduate student in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a law student at Tel Aviv University. She is currently completing her Master‘s thesis, which examines the struggle against the trafficking of women in Israel. E-mail: lgad@mscc.huji.ac.il.

An earlier version of this paper was prepared for a World Bank/IBE study on actual instructional time (Contract no. ED 871-138-3) entitled: ‘Factors affecting actual instructional time in African primary schools: A literature review’. The authors wish to thank Helen Abadzi, Massimo Amadio and Bruce Fuller for their comments. All queries should be sent to: msbenavo@mscc.huji.ac.il.

About this article

Cite this article

Benavot, A., Gad, L. Actual Instructional Time in African Primary Schools: Factors that Reduce School Quality in Developing Countries. Prospects 34, 291–310 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-004-5309-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-004-5309-7

Keywords

Navigation