Abstract
In adolescent social groups, natural peer leaders have been found to engage in more frequent experimentation with substance use and to possess disproportionate power to affect the behavior and social choices of their associated peer followers. In the current exploratory study, we used sociometrics and social cognitive mapping to identify natural leaders of cliques in a seventh grade population and invited the leaders to develop anti-drug presentations for an audience of younger peers. The program employed social-psychological approaches directed at having leaders proceed from extrinsic inducements to intrinsic identification with their persuasive products in the context of the group intervention process. The goals of the intervention were to induce substance resistant self-persuasion in the leaders and to produce a spread of this resistance effect to their peer followers. To test the intervention, we compared the substance use behaviors of the selected leaders and their peers to a control cohort. The study found preliminary support that the intervention produced changes in the substance use behavior among the leaders who participated in the intervention, but did not detect a spread to non-leader peers in the short term. This descriptive study speaks to the plausibility of employing self-persuasion paradigms to bring about change in high-risk behaviors among highly central adolescents. In addition, it highlights the viability of applying social psychological principles to prevention work and calls for more research in this area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, C., Piazza, M., Mekos, D., & Valente, T. (2001). Peers, schools, and adolescent cigarette smoking. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 22–30. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00210-5.
Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., McFarland, F. C., Marsh, P., & McElhaney, K. B. (2005). The two faces of adolescents’ success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development, 76, 747–760. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00875.x.
Arkin, R. M., Roemhild, H., Johnson, C., Luepker, R., & Murray, D. (1981). The Minnesota smoking prevention program: A seventh-grade health curriculum supplement. Journal of School Health, 51, 611–616. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1981.tb02246.x.
Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R. Abelson, W. McGuire, T. Newcomb, M. Rosenberg, & P. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A source book. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Bagwell, C. L., Coie, J. D., Terry, R. A., & Lochman, J. E. (2000). Peer clique participation and social status in preadolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 280–305.
Botvin, G. J. (2000). Preventing drug abuse in schools: Social and competence enhancement approaches targeting individual-level etiologic factors. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 887–897. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00119-2.
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Diaz, T., & Ifill-Williams, M. (2001). Drug abuse prevention among minority adolescents: Posttest and one-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention. Prevention Science, 1, 1–13. doi:10.1023/A:1010025311161.
Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 166–179. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x.
Brown, B. B., Clasen, D. R., & Eicher, S. A. (1986). Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 22, 521–530. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.521.
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., & Gest, S. D. (1988). Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection?. Developmental Psychology, 24, 815–823. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.815.
Cairns, R. B., Gariepy, J. L, & Kindermann, T. (1991). Identifying social clusters in natural settings. Unpublished manuscript, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Cooper, J. & Aronson, J. (1992). Attitudes and consistency theories: Implications for mental health. In D. N. Ruble, P. R. Costanzo, & M. E. Oliveri, (Eds.). The social psychology of mental health: Basic mechanisms and applications. New York: Guilford, 279–300.
Costanzo, P. R., & Shaw, M. E. (1966). Conformity as a function of age level. Child Development, 37, 967–965. doi:10.2307/1126618.
Costanzo, P. R., Lansford, J. E., Polanichka, N., Chu, R., & Arrington, K. (2005, May). Factors that differentiate deviant and conventional leaders of adolescent peer groups: Implications for drug use prevention efforts. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, DC.
Cuijpers, P. (2002). Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 1009–1023. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00295-2.
De Bruyn, E. H., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). Popularity in early adolescence: Prosocial and antisocial subtypes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 607–627. doi:10.1177/0743558406293966.
DeRosier, M., & Thomas, J. M. (2003). Strengthening sociometric prediction: Scientific advances in the assessment of children’s peer relations. Child Development, 75, 1379–1392. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00613.
Dishion, T. J., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Peer contagion in interventions for children and adolescents: Moving towards an understanding of the ecology and dynamics of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 395–400. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3579-z.
Donaldson, S. I., Sussman, S., MacKinnon, D. P., Severson, H. H., Glynn, T., Murray, D. M., & Stone, E. J. (1996). Drug abuse prevention programming: Do we know what content works? American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 868–883. doi:10.1177/0002764296039007008.
Eagley, A. E., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc..
Ellis, W. E. & Zarbatany, L. (2007). Peer group status as a moderator of group influence on children’s deviant, aggressive, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 78, 1240–1254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01063.x.
Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Koch, G. C. (1994). Variability in cigarette smoking within and between adolescent friendship cliques. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 295–305. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90031-0.
Gottfredson, D. C., & Wilson, D. B. (2003). Characteristics of effective school-based substance abuse prevention. Prevention Science, 4, 27–38. doi:10.1023/A:1021782710278.
Harrison, P. A., Fulkerson, J. A., & Park, E. (2000). The relative importance of social versus commercial sources in youth access to tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. Preventive Medicine, 31, 39–48. doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0691.
Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2014). Monitoring the future national results on drug use: 1975–2013: Key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
Kandel, D. B., & Adler, I. (1982). Socialization into marijuana use among French adolescents: a cross-cultural comparison with the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 295–309. doi:10.2307/2136488.
Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78. doi:10.1086/266996.
Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., Zimmerman, R., Novak, S. P., Logan, T. K., Martin, C., Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (1999). Project DARE: No effects at 10-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 590–593. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.590.
Miller-Johnson, S., & Costanzo, P. (2004). If you can't beat 'em...Induce them to join you: Peer- based interventions during adolescence. In J. B. Kupersmidt & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), Children's peer relations from development to intervention: Decade of behavior (pp. 209–222). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Miller-Johnson, S., Costanzo, P. R., Coie, J. D., Rose, M. R., Browne, D. C., & Johnson, C. (2003). Peer social structure and risk-taking behaviors among African American early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 375–384. doi:10.1023/A:1024926132419.
Nel, E., Helmreich, R., & Aronson, E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117–124. doi:10.1037/h0027566.
Paluck, E. L., Shepherd, H., & Aronow, P. M. (2016). Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools. PNAS Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, 113, 566–571. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113.
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Toomey, T. L., Komro, K., Anstine, P., McGovern, P. G., Finnegan, J. R., Forster, J. L., Wagenaar, A. C., & Wolfson, M. (1996). Project northland: Outcomes of a community wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 956–965. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.7.956.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown.
Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 609–647. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.609.
Price, R. H., Gioci, M., Penner, W., & Trautlein, B. (1993). Webs of influence: School and community programs that enhance adolescent health and education. In R. Takanishi (Ed.), Adolescence in the 1990’s: Risk and opportunity (pp. 29–63). New York: Teachers College Press.
Rodkin, P. C., Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., & Van Acker, R. (2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14–24. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.14.
Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1531–1543. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531.
Stice, E. C., Marti, N., Spoor, S., Presnell, K., & Shaw, H. (2008). Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: Long-term effects from a randomized efficacy. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 76, 329–340. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.329.
Stice, E., Butryn, M. L., Rohde, P., Shaw, H., & Marti, C. N. (2013). An effectiveness trial of a new enhanced dissonance eating disorder prevention program among female college students. Behavior Research Therapy, 51, 862–871. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.003.
Tobler, N. S., Roona, M. R., Ochshorn, P., Marshall, D. G., Streke, A. V., & Stackpole, K. M. (2000). School-based adolescent drug prevention programs: 1998 meta-analysis. Journal of Primary Prevention, 4, 275–336. doi:10.1023/A:1021314704811.
Tucker, J. S., Miles, J. N. V., D’Amico, E. J., Zhou, A. J., Green, H. D., & Shih, R. A. (2013). Temporal associations of popularity and alcohol use among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 108–115. doi:10.1016/j.adohealth.2012.04.012.
Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Pilgrim, C. (1997). Close friend and group influence adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Developmental Psychology, 33, 834–844. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.834.
Valente, T. W., Hoffman, B. R., Ritt-Olson, A., Lichtman, K., & Johnson, C. A. (2003). Effects of a social-network method for group assignment strategies on peer-led tobacco prevention programs in schools. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1837–1843. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1837.
Valente, T. W., Ritt-Olson, A., Stacy, A., Unger, J. B., Okamoto, J., & Sussman, S. (2007). Peer acceleration: effects of a social network tailored substance use prevention program among high-risk adolescents. Addiction, 102, 1804–1815. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01992.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
This manuscript was supported by NIDA grants 1 P20 DA017589-02 and P30 DA023026. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Golonka, M.M., Peairs, K.F., Malone, P.S. et al. Natural Peer Leaders as Substance Use Prevention Agents: the Teens’ Life Choice Project. Prev Sci 18, 555–566 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0790-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0790-4