Abstract
We describe an emerging hard X-ray spectroscopy technique, stimulated X-ray emission spectroscopy (S-XES). S-XES has the potential to characterize the electronic structure of 3d transition metal complexes with spectral information currently not reachable and might lead to the development of new ultrafast X-ray sources with properties beyond the state of the art. S-XES has become possible with the emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) that provide intense femtosecond X-ray pulses that can be employed to generate a population inversion of core–hole excited states resulting in stimulated X-ray emission. We describe the instrumentation, the various types of S-XES, the potential applications, the experimental challenges, and the feasibility of applying S-XES to characterize dilute systems, including the Mn4Ca cluster in the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II.
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Acknowledgements
I want to thank all my collaborators on this research. My special thanks go to Thomas Linker for providing the simulation to estimate the feasibility of stimulated emission from samples with low concentrations and to Greg Stewart for the graphic design in some of the figures. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under Award (DE-SC0023270). The experiments at SACLA were performed with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (proposal no. 2017B8066). Use of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No.DE-AC02-76SF00515.
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This article was funded by Basic Energy Sciences, DE-SC0023270.
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Bergmann, U. Stimulated X-ray emission spectroscopy. Photosynth Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-024-01080-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-024-01080-y