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Photoprotection mechanisms under different CO2 regimes during photosynthesis in a green alga Chlorella variabilis

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Abstract

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy via electron transport and assimilates CO2 in the Calvin–Benson cycle with the chemical energy. Thus, high light and low CO2 conditions induce the accumulation of electrons in the photosynthetic electron transport system, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species. To prevent the accumulation of electrons, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms have developed photoprotection mechanisms, including non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and alternative electron flow (AEF). There are diverse molecular mechanisms underlying NPQ and AEF, and the corresponding molecular actors have been identified and characterized using a model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In contrast, detailed information about the photoprotection mechanisms is lacking for other green algal species. In the current study, we examined the photoprotection mechanisms responsive to CO2 in the green alga Chlorella variabilis by combining the analyses of pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence, O2 evolution, and the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectra. Under the CO2-limited condition, ΔpH-dependent NPQ occurred in photosystems I and II. Moreover, O2-dependent AEF was also induced. Under the CO2-limited condition with carbon supplementation, NPQ was relaxed and light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II was isolated from both photosystems. In C. variabilis, the O2-dependent AEF and the mechanisms that instantly convert the light-harvesting functions of both photosystems may be important for maintaining efficient photosynthetic activities under various CO2 conditions.

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Abbreviations

AEF:

Alternative electron flow

AFI:

Absolute fluorescence intensity

AL:

Actinic light

Chl:

Chlorophyll

Cyt:

Cytochrome

EET:

Excitation energy transfer

FDA:

Fluorescence decay-associated

FLV:

Flavodiiron

LHC:

Light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex

LHCSR:

Light-harvesting complex stress-related

ML:

Measuring light

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

PAM:

Pulse-amplitude modulated

PET:

Photosynthetic electron transport

PS:

Photosystem

PTOX:

Plastid terminal oxidase

PQ:

Plastoquinone

RC:

Reaction center

Rubisco:

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

TRF:

Time-resolved fluorescence

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 18J10095 to Y.U., No. 16J03443 to G.S., and No. 16H06553 to S.A.) and JST CREST (Grant No. JPMJCR15O3 to C.M.). We thank Edanz Group (https://en-author-services.edanzgroup.com/) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

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  1. Ginga Shimakawa

    Present address: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan

    Yoshifumi Ueno & Seiji Akimoto

  2. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan

    Ginga Shimakawa & Chikahiro Miyake

  3. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8686, Japan

    Shimpei Aikawa

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  1. Yoshifumi Ueno
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Correspondence to Yoshifumi Ueno or Seiji Akimoto.

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Ueno, Y., Shimakawa, G., Aikawa, S. et al. Photoprotection mechanisms under different CO2 regimes during photosynthesis in a green alga Chlorella variabilis. Photosynth Res 144, 397–407 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-020-00757-4

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