Abstract
We present a comparison of the energy transfer between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls for the minor complexes CP24 and CP29. To elucidate the potential involvement of certain carotenoid–chlorophyll coupling sites in fluorescence quenching of distinct complexes, varying carotenoid compositions and mutants lacking chlorophylls at specific binding sites were examined. Energy transfers between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls were compared using the coupling parameter, \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\), which is calculated from the chlorophyll fluorescence observed after preferential carotenoid two-photon excitation. In CP24, artificial reconstitution with zeaxanthin leads to a significant reduction in the chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yield, \(\varPhi_{\text{F1}}\), and a considerable increase in \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\). Similar effects of zeaxanthin were also observed in certain samples of CP29. In CP29, also the replacement of violaxanthin by the sole presence of lutein results in a significant quenching and increased \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\). In contrast, the replacement of violaxanthin by lutein in CP24 is not significantly increasing \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\). In general, these findings provide evidence that modification of the electronic coupling between carotenoid dark states and chlorophylls by changing carotenoids at distinct sites can significantly influence the quenching of these minor proteins, particularly when zeaxanthin or lutein is used. The absence of Chl612 in CP24 and of Chl612 or Chl603 in CP29 has a considerably smaller effect on \(\varPhi_{{{\text{F}}1}}\) and \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\) than the influence of some carotenoids reported above. However, in CP29 our results indicate slightly dequenching and decreased \(\varPhi_{\text{Coupling}}^{{{\text{Car S}}_{ 1} {-}{\text{Chl}}}}\) when these chlorophylls are absent. This might indicate that both, Chl612 and Chl603 are involved in carotenoid-dependent quenching in isolated CP29.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bassi R, Croce R, Cugini D, Sandona D (1999) Mutational analysis of a higher plant antenna protein provides identification of chromophores bound into multiple sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10056–10061. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10056
Betterle N, Ballottari M, Zorzan S, de Bianchi S, Cazzaniga S, Dall’Osto L, Morosinotto T, Bassi R (2009) Light-induced dissociation of an antenna hetero-oligomer is needed for non-photochemical quenching induction. J Biol Chem 284:15255–15266. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M808625200
Betterle N, Ballottari M, Hienerwadel R, Dall’Osto L, Bassi R (2010) Dynamics of zeaxanthin binding to the photosystem II monomeric antenna protein Lhcb6 (CP24) and modulation of its photoprotection properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 504:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.016
Bode S, Quentmeier CC, Liao P-N, Hafi N, Barros T, Wilk L, Bittner F, Walla PJ (2009) On the regulation of photosynthesis by excitonic interactions between carotenoids and chlorophylls. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12311–12316. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903536106
Caffarri S, Passarini F, Bassi R, Croce R (2007) A Specific binding site for neoxanthin in the monomeric antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 of photosystem II. FEBS Lett 581:4704–4710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.066
Caffarri S, Kouril R, Kereïche S, Boekema EJ, Croce R (2009) Functional architecture of higher plant photosystem II supercomplexes. EMBO J 28:3052–3063. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2009.232
Cheng Y-C, Ahn TK, Avenson TJ, Zigmantas D, Niyogi KK, Ballottari M, Bassi R, Fleming GR (2008) Kinetic modeling of charge-transfer quenching in the CP29 minor complex. J Phys Chem. B 112:13418–13423. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp802730c
Croce R, van Amerongen H (2014) Natural strategies for photosynthetic light harvesting. Nat Chem Biol 10:492–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1555
Croce R, Weiss S, Bassi R (1999) Carotenoid-binding sites of the major light-harvesting complex II of higher plants. J Biol Chem 274:29613–29623. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.42.29613
Croce R, Müller MG, Caffarri S, Bassi R, Holzwarth AR (2003) Energy transfer pathways in the minor antenna complex CP29 of photosystem II. A femtosecond study of carotenoid to chlorophyll transfer on mutant and WT complexes. Biophys J 84:2517–2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75057-7
Dall’Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Bressan M, Paleček D, Židek K, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR, Zigmantas D, Bassi R (2017) Two mechanisms for dissipation of excess light in monomeric and trimeric light-harvesting complexes. Nat Plants 3:17033. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.33
Dall’Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Zappone D, Bassi R (2019) Monomeric light harvesting complexes enhance excitation energy transfer from LHCII to PSII and control their lateral spacing in thylakoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.007
de Bianchi S, Betterle N, Kouril R, Cazzaniga S, Boekema E, Bassi R, Dall’Osto L (2011) Arabidopsis mutants deleted in the light-harvesting protein Lhcb4 have a disrupted photosystem II macrostructure and are defective in photoprotection. Plant Cell 23:2659–2679. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.087320
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW (1996) The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 1:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(96)80019-7
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW (2002) Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 298:2149–2153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078002
Duffy CDP, Chmeliov J, Macernis M, Sulskus J, Valkunas L, Ruban AV (2013) Modeling of fluorescence quenching by lutein in the plant light-harvesting complex LHCII. J Phys Chem B 117:10974–10986. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3110997
Fox KF, Ünlü C, Balevičius V, Ramdour BN, Kern C, Pan X, Li M, van Amerongen H, Duffy CDP (2018) A possible molecular basis for photoprotection in the minor antenna proteins of plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenergy 1859:471–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.015
Gacek DA, Moore AL, Moore TA, Walla PJ (2017) Two-photon spectra of chlorophylls and carotenoid-tetrapyrrole dyads. J Phys Chem B 121:10055–10063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08502
Gacek DA, Holleboom CP, Tietz S, Kirchhoff H, Walla PJ (2019) PsbS-dependent and -independent mechanisms regulate carotenoid-chlorophyll energy coupling in grana thylakoids. FEBS Lett. (in press)
Gargouri M, Bates PD, Park J-J, Kirchhoff H, Gang DR (2017) Functional photosystem I maintains proper energy balance during nitrogen depletion in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii, promoting triacylglycerol accumulation. Biotechnol Biofuels 10:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0774-4
Gastaldelli M, Canino G, Croce R, Bassi R (2003) Xanthophyll binding sites of the CP29 (Lhcb4) subunit of higher plant photosystem II investigated by domain swapping and mutation analysis. J Biol Chem 278:19190–19198. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212125200
Goral TK, Johnson MP, Duffy CDP, Brain APR, Ruban AV, Mullineaux CW (2012) Light-harvesting antenna composition controls the macrostructure and dynamics of thylakoid membranes in Arabidopsis. Plant J 69:289–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04790.x
Höhner R, Marques JV, Ito T, Amakura Y, Budgeon AD, Weitz K, Hixson KK, Davin LB, Kirchhoff H, Lewis NG (2018) Reduced arogenate dehydratase expression. ramifications for photosynthesis and metabolism. Plant Physiol 177:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01766
Holleboom C-P, Walla PJ (2014) The back and forth of energy transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls and its role in the regulation of light harvesting. Photosynth Res 119:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9815-4
Holleboom C-P, Gacek DA, Liao P-N, Negretti M, Croce R, Walla PJ (2015) Carotenoid-chlorophyll coupling and fluorescence quenching in aggregated minor PSII proteins CP24 and CP29. Photosynth Res 124:171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0113-1
Humphrey W, Dalke A, Schulten K (1996) VMD visual molecular dynamics. J Mol Graph 14:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7855(96)00018-5
Ilioaia C, Johnson MP, Liao P-N, Pascal AA, van Grondelle R, Walla PJ, Ruban AV, Robert B (2011) Photoprotection in plants involves a change in lutein 1 binding domain in the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. J Biol Chem 286:27247–27254. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.234617
Jahns P, Holzwarth AR (2012) The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in photoprotection of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817:182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.012
Johnson MP, Goral TK, Duffy CDP, Brain APR, Mullineaux CW, Ruban AV (2011) Photoprotective energy dissipation involves the reorganization of photosystem II light-harvesting complexes in the grana membranes of spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell 23:1468–1479. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.081646
Kereïche S, Kiss AZ, Kouril R, Boekema EJ, Horton P (2010) The PsbS protein controls the macro-organisation of photosystem II complexes in the grana membranes of higher plant chloroplasts. FEBS Lett 584:759–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.031
Kiss AZ, Ruban AV, Horton P (2008) The PsbS protein controls the organization of the photosystem II antenna in higher plant thylakoid membranes. J Biol Chem 283:3972–3978. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M707410200
Kovács L, Damkjaer J, Kereïche S, Ilioaia C, Ruban AV, Boekema EJ, Jansson S, Horton P (2006) Lack of the light-harvesting complex CP24 affects the structure and function of the grana membranes of higher plant chloroplasts. Plant Cell 18:3106–3120. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.106.045641
Kühlbrandt W, Thaler T, Wehrli E (1983) The structure of membrane crystals of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex. J Cell Biol 96:1414–1424. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.96.5.1414
Leuenberger M, Morris JM, Chan AM, Leonelli L, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR (2017) Dissecting and modeling Zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:E7009–E7017. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704502114
Li X-P, Björkman O, Shih C, Grossman AR, Rosenquist M, Jansson S, Niyogi KK (2000) A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 403:391–395. https://doi.org/10.1038/35000131
Li X-P, Muller-Moule P, Gilmore AM, Niyogi KK (2002) PsbS-dependent enhancement of feedback de-excitation protects photosystem II from photoinhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:15222–15227. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232447699
Li X-P, Gilmore AM, Caffarri S, Bassi R, Golan T, Kramer D, Niyogi KK (2004) Regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting involves intrathylakoid lumen pH sensing by the PsbS protein. J Biol Chem 279:22866–22874. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M402461200
Li Z, Wakao S, Fischer BB, Niyogi KK (2009) Sensing and responding to excess light. Annu Rev Plant Biol 60:239–260. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103844
Liao P-N, Holleboom C-P, Wilk L, Kühlbrandt W, Walla PJ (2010) Correlation of Car S(1) → Chl with Chl → Car S(1) energy transfer supports the excitonic model in quenched light harvesting complex II. J Phys Chem B 114:15650–15655. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1034163
Liao P-N, Pillai S, Kloz M, Gust D, Moore AL, Moore TA, Kennis JTM, van Grondelle R, Walla PJ (2012) On the role of excitonic interactions in carotenoid-phthalocyanine dyads and implications for photosynthetic regulation. Photosynth Res 111:237–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9690-9
Liguori N, Xu P, van Stokkum IHM, van Oort B, Lu Y, Karcher D, Bock R, Croce R (2017) Different carotenoid conformations have distinct functions in light-harvesting regulation in plants. Nat Commun 8:1994. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02239-z
Mascoli V, Liguori N, Xu P, Roy LM, van Stokkum IHM, Croce R (2019) Capturing the quenching mechanism of light-harvesting complexes of plants by zooming in on the ensemble. Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.002
Miloslavina Y, Wehner A, Lambrev PH, Wientjes E, Reus M, Garab G, Croce R, Holzwarth AR (2008) Far-red fluorescence: a direct spectroscopic marker for LHCII oligomer formation in non-photochemical quenching. FEBS Lett 582:3625–3631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.09.044
Mirkovic T, Ostroumov EE, Anna JM, van Grondelle R, Govindjee Scholes GD (2017) Light absorption and energy transfer in the antenna complexes of photosynthetic organisms. Chem Rev 117:249–293. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00002
Mozzo M, Dall’Osto L, Hienerwadel R, Bassi R, Croce R (2008a) Photoprotection in the antenna complexes of photosystem II: role of individual xanthophylls in chlorophyll triplet quenching. J Biol Chem 283:6184–6192. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M708961200
Mozzo M, Passarini F, Bassi R, van Amerongen H, Croce R (2008b) Photoprotection in higher plants. the putative quenching site is conserved in all outer light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:1263–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.036
Müh F, Lindorfer D, Am Schmidt Busch M, Renger T (2014) Towards a structure-based exciton Hamiltonian for the CP29 antenna of photosystem II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:11848–11863. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55166k
Niyogi KK, Truong TB (2013) Evolution of flexible non-photochemical quenching mechanisms that regulate light harvesting in oxygenic photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 16:307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.03.011
Pan X, Li M, Wan T, Wang L, Jia C, Hou Z, Zhao X, Zhang J, Chang W (2011) Structural insights into energy regulation of light-harvesting complex CP29 from spinach. Nat Struct Mol Biol 18:309–315. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2008
Pan X, Liu Z, Li M, Chang W (2013) Architecture and function of plant light-harvesting complexes II. Curr Opin Struct Biol 23:515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.004
Papageorgiou GC (2014) The non-photochemical quenching of the electronically excited state of chlorophyll a in plants: definitions, timelines, viewpoints, open questions. In: Demmig-Adams B, Garab G, Adams W III, Govindjee U (eds) Non-photochemical quenching and energy dissipation in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Springer, Dordrecht
Park S, Fischer AL, Steen CJ, Iwai M, Morris JM, Walla PJ, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR (2018) Chlorophyll-carotenoid excitation energy transfer in high-light-exposed thylakoid membranes investigated by snapshot transient absorption spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 140:11965–11973. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b04844
Park S, Steen CJ, Lyska D, Fischer AL, Endelman B, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR (2019) Chlorophyll-carotenoid excitation energy transfer and charge transfer in nannochloropsis oceanica for the regulation of photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:3385–3390. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819011116
Passarini F, Wientjes E, Hienerwadel R, Croce R (2009) Molecular basis of light harvesting and photoprotection in CP24: unique features of the most recent antenna complex. J Biol Chem 284:29536–29546. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.036376
Phillip D, Hobe S, Paulsen H, Molnar P, Hashimoto H, Young AJ (2002) The binding of xanthophylls to the bulk light-harvesting complex of photosystem II of higher plants. A specific requirement for carotenoids with a 3-hydroxy-beta-end group. J Biol Chem 277:25160–25169. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M202002200
Rochaix J-D (2014) Regulation and dynamics of the light-harvesting system. Annu Rev Plant Biol 65:287–309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040226
Ruban AV, Berera R, Ilioaia C, van Stokkum IHM, Kennis JTM, Pascal AA, van Amerongen H, Robert B, Horton P, van Grondelle R (2007) Identification of a mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants. Nature 450:575–578. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06262
Shima S, Ilagan RP, Gillespie N, Sommer BJ, Hiller RG, Sharples FP, Frank HA, Birge RR (2003) Two-photon and fluorescence spectroscopy and the effect of environment on the photochemical properties of peridinin in solution and in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae. J Phys Chem A 107:8052–8066. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp022648z
Son M, Pinnola A, Bassi R, Schlau-Cohen GS (2019) The electronic structure of lutein 2 is optimized for light harvesting in plants. Chem 5:575–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.12.016
Staleva H, Komenda J, Shukla MK, Šlouf V, Kaňa R, Polívka T, Sobotka R (2015) Mechanism of photoprotection in the cyanobacterial ancestor of plant antenna proteins. Nat Chem Biol 11:287–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1755
Su X, Ma J, Wei X, Cao P, Zhu D, Chang W, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li M (2017) Structure and assembly mechanism of plant C2S2M2-type PSII-LHCII supercomplex. Science 357:815–820. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0327
Tietz S, Puthiyaveetil S, Enlow HM, Yarbrough R, Wood M, Semchonok DA, Lowry T, Li Z, Jahns P, Boekema EJ, Lenhert S, Niyogi KK, Kirchhoff H (2015) Functional implications of photosystem II crystal formation in photosynthetic membranes. J Biol Chem 290:14091–14106. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.619841
Tutkus M, Chmeliov J, Rutkauskas D, Ruban AV, Valkunas L (2017) Influence of the carotenoid composition on the conformational dynamics of photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 8:5898–5906. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02634
van Amerongen H, van Grondelle R (2001) Understanding the energy transfer function of LHCII, the major light-harvesting complex of green plants. J Phys Chem B 105:604–617. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0028406
van Oort B, Alberts M, de Bianchi S, Dall’Osto L, Bassi R, Trinkunas G, Croce R, van Amerongen H (2010) Effect of antenna-depletion in photosystem II on excitation energy transfer in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biophys J 98:922–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.11.012
van Oort B, van Grondelle R, van Stokkum Ivo H M (2015) A hidden state in light-harvesting complex II revealed by multipulse spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 119:5184–5193. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01335
Walla PJ, Linden PA, Hsu CP, Scholes GD, Fleming GR (2000a) Femtosecond dynamics of the forbidden carotenoid s1 state in light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria observed after two-photon excitation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10808–10813. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.190230097
Walla PJ, Yom J, Krueger BP, Fleming GR (2000b) Two-photon excitation spectrum of light-harvesting complex II and fluorescence upconversion after one- and two-photon excitation of the carotenoids. J Phys Chem B 104:4799–4806. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9943023
Walla PJ, Linden PA, Fleming GR (2001) Fs-transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion after two-photon excitation of carotenoids in solution and in LHC II. In: Schäfer FP, Toennies JP, Zinth W, Elsaesser T, Mukamel S, Murnane MM, Scherer NF (eds) Ultrafast phenomena XII. Springer, Berlin
Walla PJ, Linden PA, Ohta K, Fleming GR (2002) Excited-state kinetics of the carotenoid S 1 state in LHC II and two-photon excitation spectra of lutein and β-carotene in solution: efficient car S 1 - > Chl electronic energy transfer via hot S 1 states? J Phys Chem A 106:1909–1916. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011495x
Ware MA, Dall’Osto L, Ruban AV (2016) An in vivo quantitative comparison of photoprotection in Arabidopsis xanthophyll mutants. Front Plant Sci 7:841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00841
Wei X, Su X, Cao P, Liu X, Chang W, Li M, Zhang X, Liu Z (2016) Structure of spinach photosystem II-LHCII supercomplex at 3.2 Å resolution. Nature 534:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18020
Xu P, Tian L, Kloz M, Croce R (2015) Molecular insights into zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in higher plants. Sci. Rep. 5:13679. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13679
Xu P, Roy LM, Croce R (2017) Functional organization of photosystem II antenna complexes. CP29 under the spotlight. Biochim Biophys Acta 1858:815–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.07.003
Funding
This work was supported by the German science foundation (DFG) under the Project Number 31763058.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gacek, D.A., Holleboom, CP., Liao, PN. et al. Carotenoid dark state to chlorophyll energy transfer in isolated light-harvesting complexes CP24 and CP29. Photosynth Res 143, 19–30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-019-00676-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-019-00676-z