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Light-harvesting regulation from leaf to molecule with the emphasis on rapid changes in antenna size

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Abstract

In the sunlight-fluctuating environment, plants often encounter both light-deficiency and light-excess cases. Therefore, regulation of light harvesting is absolutely essential for photosynthesis in order to maximize light utilization at low light and avoid photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus at high light. Plants have developed a series of strategies of light-harvesting regulation during evolution. These strategies include rapid responses such as leaf movement and chloroplast movement, state transitions, and reversible dissociation of some light-harvesting complex of the photosystem II (LHCIIs) from PSII core complexes, and slow acclimation strategies such as changes in the protein abundance of light-harvesting antenna and modifications of leaf morphology, structure, and compositions. This review discusses successively these strategies and focuses on the rapid change in antenna size, namely reversible dissociation of some peripheral light-harvesting antennas (LHCIIs) from PSII core complex. It is involved in protective role and species dependence of the dissociation, differences between the dissociation and state transitions, relationship between the dissociation and thylakoid protein phosphorylation, and possible mechanism for thermal dissipation by the dissociated LHCIIs.

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

A net (or P n):

Net photosynthetic rate

Chl:

Chlorophyll

CP24:

Lhcb6 (24 kDa) protein–pigment complex, a minor LHCII

CP26:

Lhcb5 (26 kDa) protein–pigment complex, a minor LHCII

CP29:

Lhcb4 (29 kDa) protein–pigment complex, a minor LHCII

CP43:

A core antenna complex of PSII

C2S2M2N2 :

PSII supercomplex, a dimeric core complex with six different type (S, M, N, for strong or tight bound, middle-intensity bound, and loose bound, respectively) LHCII trimers

Cyt b 6 f :

Cytochrome b 6 f complex

D1:

D1 protein of the photosystem II core complex

D2:

D2 protein of the photosystem II core complex

ΔpH:

Trans-thylakoid membrane proton gradient

ELIP:

Early light-induced protein

ETC:

Electron transport chain

F 685 :

Chlorophyll fluorescence emissions peaked at 685 nm

F 735 :

Chlorophyll fluorescence emissions peaked at 735 nm

FSBA:

5′-p-Fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine

F v/F m :

Maximal or potential photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in dark-adapted leaves

HLIP:

High light-induced protein

LHC:

Light-harvesting complex

LHCII:

Light-harvesting complex of the photosystem II

LHCII-L:

Loose bound LHCII

LHCII-M:

Middle-intensity bound LHCII

LHCII-S:

Strong bound LHCII

LHCSR:

Light-harvesting complex of green algae

Lut:

Lutein

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence or excitation energy

P680:

Chlorophyll a molecule of the PSII reaction center

PHOT:

Phototropin

PGR5:

Proton gradient regulator 5

PGRL1:

Ferredoxin–plastoquinone reductase 1

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

PsbS:

PsbS protein, a subunit of PSII

Phy:

Phytochrome

qE :

Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching or thermal dissipation dependent on trans-thylakoid membrane proton gradient or feedback de-excitation

qI :

Photoinhibitory quenching

qT :

State transition-dependent quenching

qZ :

Zeaxanthin-dependent quenching

RC:

Reaction center

STN7:

Protein kinase for LHCII protein phosphorylation in higher plants

STN8:

Protein kinase for PSII core protein phosphorylation

Stt7:

Protein kinase from green algae

TM:

Thylakoid membrane

Zea:

Zeaxanthin

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Drs. Xin-Xing Tan, Shuang-Song Hong, Shi-Qing Cai, Hai-Bo Zhang, and Yi Liao for contributions to this work. This work was supported by the grants under the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan (No. 2015CB150104 and 2009CB118504) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Project No. 2005CB121106). The authors are also grateful to Professor Yun-Kang Shen for critically reading this manuscript.

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  1. Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Da-Quan Xu, Yue Chen & Gen-Yun Chen

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Xu, DQ., Chen, Y. & Chen, GY. Light-harvesting regulation from leaf to molecule with the emphasis on rapid changes in antenna size. Photosynth Res 124, 137–158 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0115-z

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