Abstract
Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms (also known as inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms; both abbreviated as CCMs) presumably evolved under conditions of low CO2 availability. However, the timing of their origin is unclear since there are no sound estimates from molecular clocks, and even if there were, there are no proxies for the functioning of CCMs. Accordingly, we cannot use previous episodes of high CO2 (e.g. the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum) to indicate how organisms with CCMs responded. Present and predicted environmental change in terms of increased CO2 and temperature are leading to increased CO2 and HCO3 − and decreased CO3 2− and pH in surface seawater, as well as decreasing the depth of the upper mixed layer and increasing the degree of isolation of this layer with respect to nutrient flux from deeper waters. The outcome of these forcing factors is to increase the availability of inorganic carbon, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) to aquatic photolithotrophs and to decrease the supply of the nutrients (combined) nitrogen and phosphorus and of any non-aeolian iron. The influence of these variations on CCM expression has been examined to varying degrees as acclimation by extant organisms. Increased PAR increases CCM expression in terms of CO2 affinity, whilst increased UVB has a range of effects in the organisms examined; little relevant information is available on increased temperature. Decreased combined nitrogen supply generally increases CO2 affinity, decreased iron availability increases CO2 affinity, and decreased phosphorus supply has varying effects on the organisms examined. There are few data sets showing interactions amongst the observed changes, and even less information on genetic (adaptation) changes in response to the forcing factors. In freshwaters, changes in phytoplankton species composition may alter with environmental change with consequences for frequency of species with or without CCMs. The information available permits less predictive power as to the effect of the forcing factors on CCM expression than for their overall effects on growth. CCMs are currently not part of models as to how global environmental change has altered, and is likely to further alter, algal and aquatic plant primary productivity.
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Abbreviations
- CCM CO2 :
-
Concentrating mechanism
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- PAR:
-
Photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm)
- Rubisco:
-
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase
- UVA:
-
Ultraviolet A radiation (320–400 nm)
- UVB:
-
Ultraviolet B radiation (280–320 nm)
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Acknowledgments
Comments from two anonymous referees were very useful. The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish Charity, No SC010596. JAR’s research on inorganic carbon acquisition was funded by BBSRC UK and NERC UK. JB is grateful to the Australian Research Council for their support of his study on inorganic carbon acquisition in relation to climate change. MG’s research on CCMs was partially funded by the Fondazione Cariverona, Italy, Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Italy and by the Southeast Wisconsin Energy Technology Research Center, USA.
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Raven, J.A., Giordano, M., Beardall, J. et al. Algal and aquatic plant carbon concentrating mechanisms in relation to environmental change. Photosynth Res 109, 281–296 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9632-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9632-6