Beginning in 1952 and extending well into 1954, Melvin Calvin pursued an apparently brilliant idea that involved a chlorophyll-sensitized photochemical reaction of thioctic (lipoic) acid with water to yield a reducing “–SH” and an oxidizing “–SOH” group which could conceivably provide the reduced pyridine nucleotides and the hydroperoxides leading to oxygen in photosynthesis (see e.g., Barltrop et al. 1954; Calvin 1954). (For Calvin’s biography, see Seaborg and Benson (1998).) Everyone in the laboratory was impressed and excited. In the first public presentation of the theory (American Association of the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Meeting, Berkeley, California, 1954), the world-renowned microbiologist Cornelis B.Van Niel, himself a pioneer in photosynthesis, was so impressed that he jumped from his front row seat to congratulate Calvin (see Benson 1995; Fuller1999).

Thioctic acid involvement in the photochemical aspects of the quantum conversion of photosynthesis had consumed at least 2 years of the laboratory’s time and enthusiasm and that of John Barltrop, who was visiting from the Department of Chemistry of the University of Oxford in England (Barltrop et al. 1954; Calvin 1954).

The Laboratory’s interest in sulfur metabolism engendered my experiment with the green alga Chlorella cultured with radioactive S-35 sulfate and chromatography of the products. A major (>99%) S-35 labeled product appeared on the film in the location predicted for thioctic acid. Seeing this, Melvin’s eyes almost fell onto the white tabletop. He urged Clint Fuller to search the area with a sensitive bioassay for thioctic acid (Fuller 1999). Melvin’s interest heightened even further.

I had been involved in successful efforts with J. Rodney(Rod) Quayle and R. Clint Fuller in demonstrating the function of a carboxylase enzyme for CO2 uptake in algae and photosynthetic bacteria. My role was primarily in the preparation of unlabeled ribulose bisphosphate, the required “acceptor” for 14CO2. It was essential for assay of the carboxylase enzyme. Melvin’s efforts to substantiate his Thioctic Acid Theory prevented him from noticing my feverish efforts with a Belgian scientist, Jacques Mayaudon. Calvin seemed totally disinterested in my work. Thus, in the fall of 1954, I was not telling him what Jacques and I were doing: though it was much like my work with Rod Quayle and Clint Fuller (Quayale et al. 1954).

It was then (December 10, 1954) that Melvin told me, “It is time to go.” (It was obvious that it meant I had to leave the laboratory.) I had no place to go, and he made no apparent effort on my behalf. After playing a major role in deciphering the pathway, I was dismissed. With Al Bassham and others in the laboratory, we had been very successful and published our 21st article, in 1954, on the path of carbon in photosynthesis (see Bassham et al. 1954; also see Appendix). I had played a major role in identifying the intermediates in the Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis and was responsible for the discovery of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate—the “missing” intermediate that was central to formulating the final cycle. It is unfortunate that Calvin appended the thioctic acid hypothesis in this 1954 article. The idea was soon dead as Fuller’s analyses gave no evidence for the participation of thioctic acid.

Neither Jacques nor Melvin was familiar with the recognition and isolation of “Fraction-1 Protein” by Sam Wildman (see Wildman 2002). I had visited Sam in his office and laboratory at Caltech frequently during that time. Sam explained to me the universal occurrence of a major fraction of proteins, Fraction 1 protein, in plant leaves and its purification by precipitation at 35% with increasing concentrations of saturated ammonium sulfate solution. Jacques’s saturated ammonium sulfate precipitations indicated that the carboxylase enzyme separated at 35%, the same as Wildman’s Fraction 1 Protein. We had discovered that the carboxylase and Fraction-1 Protein are identical. I phoned Sam Wildman with the news and typed a two-page report that I felt obliged to submit to Melvin as I departed. The fate of this article is another story (see below).

Melvin had no concept of the importance of the identity of Fraction-1 Protein and carboxydismutase (now called ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase or Rubisco). After I departed, Melvin directed Rod Quayle’s and Jacques Mayaudon’s efforts. They were clearly not pointed toward proving the identity of carboxydismutase and the Fraction-1 Protein, but more toward documenting the physical properties of the carboxylating enzyme. Jacques and Rod were not in a position to complain since they had not read Wildman and Bonner’s article on Fraction 1 Protein (Wildman and Bonner 1947) and many others (see Wildman 1998). In the end, the Enzymologia article by Mayaudon was published without my knowledge and without consulting Jacques (Mayaudon 1957). He wrote to me that he was unaware of its transmission although he was the sole author.

Publication of “Following the Trail of Light,” a 1992 autobiography by Melvin Calvin, replete with photos and description of the Nobel Prize ceremony, made no reference of my work or publications (Calvin 1992). Melvin’s 93 publications are listed, whereas 32 publications by Benson and Calvin are not listed (see Bassham et al. 1950; Benson 2002; and Appendix given below for a list of some of the papers from that time, arranged chronologically; see specifically 1950, 1951 and 1952 listings). Melvin even included a photo of himself and 12 people involved in the laboratory, entitled “My Staff” and failed to mention the fact that I had taken the picture. In the Nobel lecture delivered on December 11, 1961, Calvin (1964), however, did cite one article, Calvin and Benson (1948), among a total of 30 articles and reviews.

I end this historical personal account by showing a photograph of myself with Jacques Mayaudon and Melvin Calvin, taken in 1954 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Left to right Jacques Mayaudon, Melvin Calvin, and Andrew A. Benson (the author). Photo taken in 1954, University of California, Berkeley, California. Photo by Paul M. Hayes

Full size image

Govindjee, this is my story and I hope that it answers your question (see Abstract).