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Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms

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Abstract

Diatoms are ubiquitous and constitute an important group of the phytoplankton community having a major contribution to the total marine primary production. These microalgae exhibit a characteristic golden-brown colour due to a high amount of the xanthophyll fucoxanthin that plays a major role in the light-harvesting complex of photosystems. In the water column, diatoms are exposed to light intensities that vary quickly from lower to higher values. Xanthophyll cycles prevent photodestruction of the cells in excessive light intensities. In diatoms, the diadinoxanthin–diatoxanthin cycle is the most important short-term photoprotective mechanism. If the biosynthetic pathways of chloroplast pigments have been extensively studied in higher plants and green algae, the research on carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms is still in its infancy. In this study, the data on the biosynthetic pathway of diatom carotenoids are reviewed. The early steps occur through the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Then a hypothetical pathway is suggested from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Most of the enzymes of the pathway have not been so far isolated from diatoms, but candidate genes for each of them were identified using protein similarity searches of genomic data.

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Fig. 1
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Abbreviations

Car:

Carotenoid

CDMDE:

4-(Cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol

CEC:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate

Chl:

Chlorophyll

CHYB:

Nonheme β-carotene hydroxylase

CMK:

4-(Cytidine 5′-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase

CMS:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase

CRTISO:

Carotenoid isomerase

CytP450:

Cytochrome P450

DDE:

Diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase

Ddx:

Diadinoxanthin

DEP:

Diatoxanthin epoxidase

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl diphosphate

DME:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate

DOXP:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate

Dtx:

Diatoxanthin

DXR:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase

DXS:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase

FCP:

Fucoxanthin–chlorophyll complex

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

GGPPS:

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase

HD:

(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate

HDS:

(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase

HDR:

(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase

HMED:

4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate

IDI:

Isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase

IPP:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

LCYB:

Lycopene β-cyclase

LCYE:

Lycopene ε-cyclase

LHC:

Light-harvesting complex

LTL:

ε-Ring hydroxylase-like gene

LUT1:

ε-Ring hydroxylase

MCS:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase

MEP:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate

MEV:

Mevalonate pathway

MGDG:

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

NDH:

NADPH dehydrogenases

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

PDS:

Phytoene desaturase

PG:

Phosphatidylglycerol

PS:

Photosystem

PsbS:

Subunit S of the photosystem II

PSY:

Phytoene synthase

SQDG:

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

VDE:

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase

Vio:

Violaxanthin

Z-ISO:

15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase

ZDS:

ζ-Carotene desaturase

Zea:

Zeaxanthin

ZEP:

Zeaxanthin epoxidase

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    Martine Bertrand

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Bertrand, M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms. Photosynth Res 106, 89–102 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-010-9589-x

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