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Regulation and function of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in algae

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Abstract

The xanthophyll cycle represents one of the important photoprotection mechanisms in plant cells. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the violaxanthin cycle of vascular plants, green and brown algae, and the diadinoxanthin cycle of the algal classes Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Haptophyceae, and Dinophyceae. We address the biochemistry of the xanthophyll cycle enzymes with a special focus on protein structure, co-substrate requirements and regulation of enzyme activity. We present recent ideas regarding the structural basis of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection, including different models for the mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence. In a dedicated chapter, we also describe the unique violaxanthin antheraxanthin cycle of the Prasinophyceae, together with its implication for the mechanism of xanthophyll cycle-dependent heat dissipation. The interaction between the diadinoxanthin cycle and alternative electron flow pathways in the chloroplasts of diatoms is an additional topic of this review, and in the last chapter we cover aspects of the importance of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection for different algal species in their natural environments.

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Abbreviations

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Ax:

Antheraxanthin

Chl:

Chlorophyll

DCM:

Deep chlorophyll maximum

DCMU:

3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

DDE:

Diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase

Ddx:

Diadinoxanthin

DEP:

Diatoxanthin epoxidase

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

Dtx:

Diatoxanthin

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FCP:

Fucoxanthin chlorophyll protein

Fd:

Ferredoxin

FNR:

Ferredoxin-NADP-reductase

LHC:

Light-harvesting complex

MGDG:

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form

Ndh:

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PS:

Photosystem

qE:

High-energy-state quenching

qI:

Photoinhibitory quenching

qT:

Quenching related to state transitions

S1:

First singlet excited state

VDE:

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase

Vx:

Violaxanthin

ZEP:

Zeaxanthin epoxidase

Zx:

Zeaxanthin

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Go 818/6-1) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Prof. Dr. C. Wilhelm for the discussion and correction of the manuscript.

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  1. Institute of Biology I, Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Reimund Goss & Torsten Jakob

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Goss, R., Jakob, T. Regulation and function of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in algae. Photosynth Res 106, 103–122 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-010-9536-x

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