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Mood and mode: does how we travel affect how we feel?

Transportation volume 42, pages 25–43 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

How do emotions like happiness, pain, stress, sadness and fatigue vary during travel and by travel mode? Understanding the relationship between how we travel and how we feel offers insight into ways of improving existing transportation services, prioritizing investments and theorizing and modeling the costs and benefits of travel. Drawing on the American Time Use Survey’s well-being module, which surveyed over 13,000 respondents about mood during randomly selected activities, we address these questions using pooled ordinary least squares and fixed-effects panel regression. Controlling for demographics and other individual-specific attributes, we find that, contrary to the common perception that travel is an onerous, derived demand, mood is generally no worse during travel than on average. However, compared to other influences, travel has only a small total impact on how we feel. The estimated relationship between mood and mode tends to be weak and often not statistically significant. Nevertheless, we find that bicyclists have the most positive affect. Next happiest are car passengers, and then car drivers, though when controlling for the pleasure typically derived from interacting with others drivers are at least as happy as passengers. Bus and train riders experience the most negative emotions, though a small part of this can be attributed to the fact that transit is disproportionately used for the unloved work trip. Our findings suggest that bicycle use may have benefits beyond the typically cited health and transportation ones, and that improving transit riders’ emotional experience may be as important as improving traditional service features such as headways and travel speeds. Our findings are ambiguous as to whether the joy of driving will limit the appeal of autonomous vehicles.

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Notes

  1. Alternately, they have employed ordered model methods, a form of RUM. Research into which technique is superior in this context has unearthed little systematic difference in findings (Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Frijters 2004).

  2. Knabe et al. (2010) find that the unemployed are generally less happy than the employed while engaging in any specific activity, but in the aggregate they are no less happy because they engage in more pleasant activities while the employed are working.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. City and Regional Planning, Clemson University, 2-317 Lee Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    Eric A. Morris

  2. City and Regional Planning, University of Pennsylvania, 127 Meyerson Hall, 210 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Erick Guerra

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  1. Eric A. Morris
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  2. Erick Guerra
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Correspondence to Eric A. Morris.

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Morris, E.A., Guerra, E. Mood and mode: does how we travel affect how we feel?. Transportation 42, 25–43 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9521-x

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Keywords

  • Happiness
  • Affect
  • Travel
  • Travel mode
  • Commuting
  • Derived demand