The paper describes the structural features and properties of condensed composites based on copper and refractory metals (W, Mo, Cr). These condensed materials have a lamellar structure with a hierarchy of macro-, micro-, and submicron levels. In the condensed materials based on copper and chromium, supersaturated chromium solid solutions form and decompose. Examples of applying the Cu–Mo, Cu–W, Cu–Cr, and Cr–Al2O1 composites condensed from the vapor phase to produce electric contacts and electrodes are shown.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig6_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11106-013-9517-7/MediaObjects/11106_2013_9517_Fig9_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I. N. Frantsevich, “Electrical contacts produced by powder metallurgy methods,” Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 19, No. 8, 545–554 (1980).
V. I. Rakhovskii, G. V. Levchenko, and O. K. Teodorovich, Interrupting Contacts of Electrical Devices [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1966), p. 295.
G. G. Gnesin (ed.), Sintered Materials for Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Handbook [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1981), p. 343.
R. V. Minakova, M. L. Grekova, A. P. Kresanova, and L. A. Kryachko, “Composites for contacts and electrodes (a review),” Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 34, No. 7–8, 370–385 (1996).
L. I. Tuchinskii, Composite Materials Produced by Impregnation [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1998), p. 206.
D. M. Karpinos (ed.), Composite Materials: Handbook [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1985), p. 591.
Yu. M. Pyatin (ed.), Materials in Instrument Making and Automation: Handbook [in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1982), p. 527.
P. Leis and K. K. Schuster, “Der Einfluss des Kontaktmaterials auf die Ausbildung von Plasmastrahlen,” Elektrie, 33, No. 10, 514–516 (1979).
O. Kh. Fatkullin, “New structural powder materials and their application,” in: Advances in Science and Technology. Powder Metallurgy [in Russian], Vol. 5, VINITI, Moscow (1991), pp. 140–177.
B. A. Movchan and N. I. Grechanyuk, “New electron-beam materials and coatings,” in: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Electron Beam Technologies ÉLT-88, Varna, Bulgaria (1988), pp. 1005–1023.
A. I. Kostorzhitskii and O. V. Lebedinskii, Multicomponent Vacuum Coatings [in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1987), p. 207.
I. N. Grechanyuk, V. G. Grechanyuk, B. M. Emel’yanov, and I. F. Rudenko, “Corrosion of copper-based composites used for electrical contacts,” in: Electrical Contacts and Electrodes [in Russian], Inst. Probl. Materialoved. NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (1998), pp. 140–144.
R. V. Minakova, A. P. Kresanova, and N. I. Grechanyuk, “Composites for contacts and electrodes. Molybdenum-based materials,” in: Electrical Contacts and Electrodes [in Russian], Inst. Probl. Materialoved. NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (1996), pp. 95–105.
P. E. Slade, “Arc erosion of tungsten based contact materials. A review,” Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 5, No. 4, 208–214 (1986).
B. A. Movchan and I. S. Malashenko, Vacuum-Deposited Oxidation-Resistant Coatings [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1983), p. 230.
I. V. Zuev, Treatment of Materials by Concentrated Energy Flows [in Russian], Mosc. Énerg. Inst., Moscow (1998), p. 162.
L. I. Maissel and R. Glang (eds.), Handbook of Thin Film Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York (1970).
I. L. Roikh and L. N. Koltunova, Protective Vacuum Coatings on Steel [in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1997), p. 297.
S. Schiller, U. Heisig, and S. Panzer, Electron Beam Technology [Russian translation], Énergiya, Moscow (1980), p. 528.
N. I. Grechanyuk, V. A. Osokin, I. N. Grechanyuk, et al., “Copper and molybdenum composites for electrical vapor-phase contacts. Structure, properties, and technology. Part 2. Fundamentals of electronbeam technology for obtaining electric contact materials,” Sovremen. Élektrometall., No. 2, 9–19 (2006).
M. I. Grechanyuk, V. O. Osokin, I. B. Afanas’ev, and I. M. Grechanyuk, Composite Material for Electrical Contacts and Its Production Method [in Ukrainian], Ukrainian Patent 34875, Bulletin No. 2, publ. December 16 (2002), p. 14.
M. I. Grechanyuk, Method of Producing Microlayer Thermally Stable Materials [in Ukrainian], Ukrainian Patent 74155, Bulletin No. 11, publ. November 15 (2005), p. 22.
B. Miedzinski, G. Wisniewski, V. N. Shoffa, and N. I. Grechanyuk, “Performance of copper–molybdenum contacts when used for inductive DC load,” in: Electrical Contacts and Electrodes [in Russian], Inst. Probl. Materialoved. NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (2004), pp. 19–23.
B. Miedzinski, G. Wisniewski, A. Godzinski, et al., “Erosion of copper–molybdenum composition under DC load of small power,” in: Electrical Contacts and Electrodes [in Russian], Inst. Probl. Materialoved. NAN Ukrainy, Kiev (2004), pp. 23–28.
M. I. Grechanyuk, M. M. Plashchenko, V. O. Osokin, et al., Contac Material for Extinguishing Chambers and Its Production Method [in Ukrainian], Ukrain. Patent 32368A, Bulletin No. 11, publ. December 15 (2000), p. 6.
M. I. Grechanyuk, M. M. Plashchenko, A. V. Zvarich, and V. O. Osokin, Contact System of Vacuum Extinguishing Chambers [in Ukrainian], Ukrainian Patent 76737, Bulletin No. 9, publ. September 15 (2006), p. 8.
M. I. Grechanyuk, I. M. Grechanyuk, V. O. Denisenko, and V. G. Grechanyuk, Composite Material for Electrical Contacts and Electrodes and Its Production Method [in Ukrainian], Ukrainian Patent 86434, Bulletin No. 8, publ. April 27 (2009), p. 8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Vol. 52, No. 3–4 (490), pp. 139–150, 2013.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grechanyuk, N.I., Minakova, R.V. & Kopylova, G.E. Current state and prospects of high-speed electron-beam evaporation and subsequent vacuum condensation of metals and nonmetals to produce electric contacts and electrodes. Powder Metall Met Ceram 52, 228–236 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-013-9517-7
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-013-9517-7