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Mechanism of Developmental Stagnancy of Rice Inferior Spikelets at Early Grain-Filling Stage as Revealed by Proteomic Analysis

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Abstract

Rice spikelets display different grain-filling patterns depending on their position on a panicle. The superior spikelets (SS) elongated soon after flowering, whereas the inferior spikelets (IS) hardly elongate and are morphologically stagnant at early grain-filling stage. The developmental stagnancy of IS often leads to slow grain-filling and a low grain weight. To better understand the mechanism of the stagnancy, we took a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic and phosphoproteomic approach to profile the proteins with expression abundance as well as the phosphorylation of SS and IS at the early grain-filling stage. A total of 81 protein spots were found to be significantly different in expression abundance, and 27 protein spots significantly differed in phosphorylation. Bioinformatic analyses implicated that the proteins might be involved in the diverse cellular processes including sugar conversion, starch synthesis, energy pathway, signal transduction, cell growth/division, and protein synthesis and destination. Moreover, using the pull-down assay, we identified 29 14-3-3 binding proteins, and altogether, these 14-3-3 protein was found the important scaffold in the signaling networks of IS development. Our findings provided new proteomic and phosphoproteomic insights on the developmental stagnancy of rice IS that could be highly useful for the improvement of the grain-filling of rice and other cereal crops.

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Abbreviations

SS:

Superior spikelets

IS:

Inferior spikelets

2-DE:

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

SuSase:

Sucrose synthase

AGPase:

Adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase

StSase:

Starch synthase

SBE:

Starch branching enzyme

IAA:

Indole acetic acid

GAs:

Gibberellins

ABA:

Abscisic acid

DSS:

Developmental stagnancy stage

MALDI-TOF-MS:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

LC–ESI-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

DAF:

Days after flowering

DPs:

Differently expressed protein spots

DPPs:

Differently expressed phosphoprotein spots

PPDK:

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase

GLP:

Germin-like protein

UDPase:

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

GBSS:

Granule-bound starch synthase

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

PPP:

Pentose phosphate pathway

CBB:

Coomassie Brilliant Blue

TPI:

Triosephosphate isomerase

FBA:

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

GPI:

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

PGM:

Phosphoglycerate mutase

PFK:

Phosphofructokinase

PGK:

Phosphoglycerate kinase

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

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Acknowledgments

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31271670, 31401306) and the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Fujian, China (No. 2012J01075, 2013J01092).

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China

    Zhixing Zhang, Jun Tang, Tingwei Du, Hong Zhao, Zhong Li & Wenxiong Lin

  2. Agroecological Institute, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China

    Zhixing Zhang, Jun Tang, Tingwei Du, Hong Zhao, Zhong Li, Zhou Li & Wenxiong Lin

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  1. Zhixing Zhang
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  2. Jun Tang
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  3. Tingwei Du
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  4. Hong Zhao
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  5. Zhong Li
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  6. Zhou Li
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  7. Wenxiong Lin
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Correspondence to Wenxiong Lin.

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Zhixing Zhang and Jun Tang are co-first authors

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Zhang, Z., Tang, J., Du, T. et al. Mechanism of Developmental Stagnancy of Rice Inferior Spikelets at Early Grain-Filling Stage as Revealed by Proteomic Analysis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 33, 1844–1863 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-015-0880-z

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