Abstract
Background and Aims
Planting is a widespread afforestation technique. We characterised the modifications of the root system architecture and anchorage properties that occasionally result from container rearing and outplanting.
Methods
We set up an original method to assess these root architecture modifications in 3D-digitised root systems of 1-m tall saplings. We applied this method to 236 three- to five-year-old outplanted Pinus pinaster saplings initially reared in containers from 15 commercial planted stands, and to 48 saplings from a seeded-in-place stand.
Results
Among the outplanted trees, the gravitropism of the first-order root was mainly modified just below the plug where a non-vertical positioning resulted in 13% of non-vertical taproots. Two-thirds of the laterals displayed large deformations within 6 cm radial distance. Nineteen percent of the roots branching from stump lost their plagiogravitropism after non-horizontal positioning in their first six centimetres. This root type change (toward oblique or sinker roots) and their directional clustering explain why container-grown trees can present a wide circular sector devoid of shallow roots.
Conclusion
The persistence of tropism was better for the taproot than for the shallow roots. The apexes of roots essential for anchorage should not be in a position at odds with their natural tropism after outplanting. In most of the observed stands, planted trees generally regenerated a root system following the architectural scheme of the species. However, the percentage of future crop trees was too low in a few stands.
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The data supporting this article will be available in Recherche Data Gouv, at https://doi.org/10.57745/FD6XQS.
Abbreviations
- BLA:
-
Basal leaning angle of the stem between root collar and the middle of the stem
- CSA:
-
Cross-sectional area
- DeltaZ:
-
depth difference
- LABS:
-
size of the largest angle between shallow roots
- PEUL:
-
Point of emergence of the uppermost lateral
- RDD:
-
Radial directional deviation
- TRC:
-
Taproot complex
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Acknowledgements
We thank Tiphaine Archereau and Raphaël Segura (INRAE, UMR1202 BioGeCo) for their technical support. We thank Alain Bailly and Ambre Le Ferrec (FCBA, Pôle Biotechnologie Sylviculture Avancée) for managing the research project. We thank the Caisse Des Dépôts et Consignations and Société forestière (Ceydric Sedilot-Gasmi, Guillaume Silande, Amaury Janny, Bernard Lagardère, Laurent Volkmer and Patrick Chaussivert) for allowing us to work on the stands and for their assistance. We also thank Chantal Giroux, Bernard Issenhuth, Nicolas Cheval, Laurent Severin, Marc-Antoine Plomion (INRAE—UEFP 10.15454/1.5483264699193726E12) for the measurements of the seeded stand. Pascal Barla, Gaël Guennebaud and Eric Barré, (INRIA Bordeaux) and Frédéric Raspail (INRAE, UMR1202 BioGeCo), for the 3D reconstruction of the root systems with MeshLab. Furthermore, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the earlier versions of the manuscript. The manufacturer of the planted seedlings is mentioned for reference purpose only, this study should not be viewed as an evaluation of this product or endorsement. Moreover, the design of the containers or the nursery conditions may have changed since the year when the planted trees were reared.
Funding
This work was supported by the Caisse Des Dépôts et Consignations. Antoine Danquechin Dorval’s PhD grant was financed by the Caisse Des Dépôts et Consignations and the Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine (Diademe project - 2011 1203004). The Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine and the French Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt (Fortius project – 13001087) provided the funds for the data of the direct seeded trees
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Danjon, F., Danquechin Dorval, A. & Meredieu, C. Pinus pinaster root architecture 2 to 5 years after container rearing and outplanting: tropism loss, root clustering and resilience. Plant Soil 508, 441–467 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06807-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06807-3