Abstract
Aims
Compound disease, a complex of multiple diseases, represent one of the most significant biological stresses faced by agricultural systems. However, it is not known whether nitrogen (N) supply in the intercropping system can regulate the damage caused by compound disease in faba bean and reduce yield and economic loss.
Methods
This two-year continuous field study investigated the effects of different levels of N supply, cultivation pattern, and disease management measures on the compound disease severity, growth parameters, yield, and economic benefits of faba bean.
Results
N supply increased the damage caused by compound disease to monocropping faba bean (MF) and intercropping faba bean (IF) (p < 0.05). However, this damage was less than that of the sum of the two single diseases. Although N supply increased the damage caused by compound disease in faba bean, it decreased the disease control efficacy (RCE) of IF. Interestingly, in N1 treatment, the RCE of IF did not significantly decrease; however, the epidemic "peak" of compound disease has indeed decreased. Moreover, the yield loss and its ratio of IF were lower than that of MF, with a partial land equivalent ratio (pLER) > 0.33. Further, initially, intercropping displayed an increase in the total effect (TE), other effects (OE), and disease inhibition effect (DIE), but subsequently decreased with the application of N supply. These data indicated that N1 treatment resulted in maximal effects and economic benefits.
Conclusions
The combination of intercropping with an adequate N supply proves effective in reducing the damage caused by compound disease, minimizing yield loss in faba bean, increasing the DIE, and maximizing the potential yield benefits of intercropping.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its additional files.
Abbreviations
- MF:
-
Monoropping faba bean;
- IF:
-
Intercropping faba bean;
- DI:
-
Disease inhibition treatment;
- DN:
-
Disease non-inhibition treatment;
- RCE:
-
Disease control efficacy;
- AUDPC:
-
Area under the disease progression curve;
- TE:
-
Total effects of intercropping;
- OE:
-
Other effects of intercropping;
- DIE:
-
Disease inhibition effect of intercropping
References
Abomostafa RAI, Zeinab EG, Abbas MAE, Gehan GA, Zeid A et al (2014) Combined and genetic analysis for multiple-disease resistance to chocolate spot and rust on faba bean yield. Int J Plant Breed Gen 8(4):181–193. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpbg.2014.181.193
Ayele A, Muche G (2019) Yield loss assessment in bread wheat varieties caused by yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in arsi highlands of south eastern Ethiopia. Am J BioSci 7(6):104–112. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20190706.14
Bedoussac L, Journet EP, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Naudin C, Corre-Hellou G et al (2015) Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. a review. Agron Sustain Dev 35(3):911–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0277-7
Bharathi V, Rao KC (2009) Effect of cropping systems and nitrogen on wilt incidence, fusarium udum population and its antagonistic fungi in pigeonpea rhizosphere. Int J Plant Protect 2(1):8–11
Bimrew Y, Shifa H (2018) Relation between rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) and faba bean (Vicia faba) yield loss in bale highlands, South Eastern Ethiopia. Adv Life Sci Technol 68:56–66
Boudreau MA (2013) Diseases in intercropping systems. Annu Rev Phytopathol 51(1):499–519. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102246
Boudreau MA, Shew BB, Andrako L (2016) Impact of intercropping on epidemics of groundnut leaf spots: defining constraints and opportunities through a 7-year field study. Plant Pathol 65(4):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12440
Bouhassan A, Sadiki M, Tivoli B (2004) Evaluation of a collection of faba bean (vicia faba L.) genotypes originating from the maghreb for resistance to chocolate spot (botrytis fabae) by assessment in the field and laboratory. Euphytica 135(1):55–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EUPH.0000009540.98531.4d
Brooker RW, Bennett AE, Cong W, Da Niell TJ, George TS, Hallett PD et al (2015) Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. New Phytologist 206(1):107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13132
Chen YX, Zhang FS, Tang L, Zheng Y, Li YJ, Christie P et al (2007) Wheat powdery mildew and foliar N concentrations as influenced by N fertilization and belowground interactions with intercropped faba bean. Plant Soil 291(1–2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9161-9
Cui JC, Zhou RJ, Fu JF, Xu Z, Xu CY (2016) Epidemic processes and yield losses of early leaf spot and web blotch of peanut occurring together in the field. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 46(2):265–272. https://doi.org/10.13926/j.cnki.apps.2016.02.015
Eshetu G, Bimrew Y, Shifa H (2018) Association of chocolate spot and faba bean rust epidemics with climate change resilient cultural practices in bale highlands, ethiopia. Advances in Agriculture 2018(4):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6042495
Etemadi F, Ashemi MH, Barker AV, Zandvakili OR, Liu X (2019) Agronomy, nutritional value, and medicinal application of faba bean(vicia faba l.). Horticultural Plant J 5:170–182l. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2019.04.004
FAO/Unesco (1988) SoilMap of theWorld: Revised legend/prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Soil Resources Report, UNESCO
FAOSTAT (2019) World statistics on faba bean. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome . Available at http://www.faostat.fao.org/faostat/en. Accessed 25 Dec 2021
Guo Z, Dong K, Zhu J, Ma L, Dong Y (2019) Effects of nitrogen management and intercropping on faba bean chocolate spot disease development. Crop Prot 127:104972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104972
Guo ZP, Dong K, Zhu JH, Dong Y (2019) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and intercropping on faba bean rust occurrence and field microclimate. J Nuclear Agricultural Sci 33(11):2294–2302
Herrmann L, Chotte JL, Thuita M, Lesueur D (2014) Effects of cropping systems, maize residues application and N fertilization on promiscuous soybean yields and diversity of nativerhizobia in Central Kenya. Pedobiologia-Int J Soil Ecol 57(2):75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2013.12.004
Hu F, Tan Y, Yu A, Zhao C, Coulter JA, Fan Z, Yin W, Fan H, Chai Q (2018) Low N fertilizer application and intercropping increases N concentration in pea (Pisum sativum L.) grains. Front Plant Sci 9:1763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01763
ICARDA (1986) Screening techniques for disease resistance in faba beans. International center for agricultural research in the dry areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, pp 1–59
Jensen ES, Peoples MB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2010) Faba bean in cropping systems. Field Crop Res 115(3):203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.008
Jesus W, Vale F, Coelho RR, Hau B, Filho AB (2001) Effects of angular leaf spot and rust on yield loss of phaseolus vulgaris. Phytopathology 91(11):1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1045
Li CJ, Hoffland E, Kuyper TW, Yu Y, Zhang CC, Li HG et al (2020a) Syndromes of production in intercropping impact yield gains. Nature Plants 6:653–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0680-9
Li CJ, Hoffland E, Kuyper TW, Yu Y, Li HG, Zhang CC et al (2020b) Yield gain, complementarity and competitive dominance in intercropping in China: A meta-analysis of drivers of yield gain using additive partitioning. Eur J Agron 113:125987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2019.125987
Li XF, Wang ZG, Bao XG, Sun JH, Yang SC, Wang P et al (2021) Long-term increased grain yield and soil fertility from intercropping. Nature Sustain 4(11):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00767-7
Liu XN, Liu HK, Huang YF, Ye YL (2015) Relationships between nitrogen application rate soil nitrate-nitrogen, plant nitrogen concentration and wheat scab. J Plant Nutrition Fertilizer 21(2):306–317. https://doi.org/10.11674/zwyf.2015.0204
Luo CS, Ma LK, Zhu JH, Guo ZP, Dong Y (2021) Effects of nitrogen and intercropping on the occurrence of wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust and the relationship with crop yield. Front Plant Sci 12:637393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.637393
Luo CS, Zhu JH, Ma LK, Guo ZP, Dong K et al (2021) Effects of nitrogen regulation and strip intercropping on faba bean biomass, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, and interspecific interactions. Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20556
Luo CS, Lv JX, Guo ZP, Dong Y (2022) Intercropping of faba bean with wheat under different nitrogen levels reduces faba bean rust and consequent yield loss. Plant Dis 106:2370–2379. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-21-2451-RE
Pandey HN, Menon TCM, Rao MV (1989) A single formula for calculating area under disease progress curve. Rachis 8:38–39
Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, Ahmed S (2008) Effect of mixed cropping and fungicides on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba) in ethiopia. Crop Prot 27(2):275–282
Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, Ahmed S (2010) Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba), due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping systems in ethiopia. Archiv Phytopathol Plant Protect 43(12):1144–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400802343791
Sahile S, Abang MM, Fininsa C, Ahmed S, Sakhuja PK, Baum M (2012) Pathogenic and genetic diversity of botrytis fabae sand isolates from faba bean fields in different agro-ecological zones of northern ethiopia. Archiv Phytopathol Plant Protect 45(10):1218–1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.664710
Santos D, Neto GR, De C, Almeida MD, De HS, Ramos LN, Sarmento RA, Lima O, De S et al (2009) Effect of nitrogen doses on disease severity and watermelon yield. Hortic Bras 27:330–334. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362009000300012
Savary S, Willocquet L, Elazegui FA, Castilla NP, Teng PS (2000) Rice pest constraints in tropical Asia: quantification of yield losses due to rice pests in a range of production situations. Plant Dis 84(3):357–369. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.357
Smith LG, Jones PJ, Kirk GJD, Pearce BD, Williams AG (2018) Modelling the production impacts of a widespread conversion to organic agriculture in England and Wales. Land Use Policy 76:391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.035
Soovali P, Kangor T, Koppel R, Ingver A, Tamm I (2013) Spring wheat disease and yield responses to nitrogen fertilization and chemical treatments. J Agricultural Sci Technol A 3(4):290–296
Stoddard FL, Nicholas AH, Rubiales D, Thomas J, Villegas-Fernández AM (2010) Integrated pest management in faba bean. Field Crop Res 115(3):308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.002
Terefe H, Fininsa C, Sahile S, Tesfaye K (2016) Effect of Integrated Climate Change Resilient Cultural Practices on Faba Bean Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) Epidemics in Hararghe Highlands. Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000373
Weih M, Mínguez MI, Tavoletti S (2022) Intercropping systems for sustainable agriculture. Agriculture 12:291. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020291
Wopke VDW, Zhang LZ, Li CJ, Chen P, Feng C et al (2021) Comparing performance of crop species mixtures and pure stands. Front Agr Sci Eng 8(3):481–489. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021413
Yu DF (1979) Faba bean disease. (YuDafu), Beijing, Science Press, pp 58–76
Zhu YY, Wang YY, Chen JB, Zhou HP, Li ZS et al (2004) Theory and technology of biodiversity sustainable control of crop diseases-Crop diversity and diseases control in wheat and faba bean [M]. Science and Technology Publishing, Yunnan, pp 461–470
Zhu JH, Dong K, Yang ZX, Dong Y (2017) Advances in the mechanism of crop disease control by intercropping. Chinese J Ecol 36(4):1117–1126. https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201704.016
Zhu SS, Huang HC, Liu YX, Li CY, He XH, Zhu YY (2022) Research advances in agrobiodiversity for crop disease management. J Plant Protect 49(01):42–57. https://doi.org/10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2022.2022823
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1901503-4) and we thank the MJEditor (www.mjeditor.com) for its linguistic assistance while preparing this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Hans Lambers.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, C., Ding, H., Guo, Z. et al. Appropriate nitrogen supply and intercropping reduce epidemics, the compound disease of faba bean, and yield and economic losses. Plant Soil (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06705-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06705-8