Abstract
Background and Aims
Soil bacteria are essential in maintaining multiple grassland ecosystem functions that are significantly altered by mowing. Assembly processes govern bacterial community composition and in turn determine their functions. However, the ecological processes governing bacterial community assembly response to mowing remain largely unexplored.
Methods
In the present study, we characterized soil bacterial community assembly processes under different mowing intensities, including no mowing (CK), light mowing (LM, mowing annually with 8 cm stubble), moderate mowing (MM, mowing annually with 5 cm stubble), and heavy mowing (HM, mowing annually with 2 cm stubble) in typical grassland of Inner Mongolia. We further analyzed multiple environmental factors to explore the drivers of bacterial community assembly under different mowing intensities.
Results
Our results showed that stochastic processes primarily governed the bacterial community assembly in CK, LM, and HM; however, MM was governed by deterministic processes. Our research found that different mowing intensities did not visibly affect the bacterial α-diversity. However, MM and HM significantly altered the bacterial community's overall structure compared to the control. MM possessed the most complex and connective bacterial communities. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was the most critical environmental factor mediating the changes in bacterial community assembly processes induced by mowing. Increased SOC in MM worked as an ecological filter to deterministically select bacterial taxa (Streptomyces and RB41) with carbon metabolism-related function assembly.
Conclusions
Our findings showed that when the grass was mowed annually to a height of 5 cm, it increased the concentration of SOC and governed the deterministic assembly of bacterial communities in the semiarid grassland ecosystem. By studying these findings, we can better understand how bacterial communities support the long-term health of grassland ecosystems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated by the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Adair KL, Wratten S, Lear G (2013) Soil phosphorus depletion and shifts in plant communities change bacterial community structure in a long-term grassland management trial. Environ Microbiol Rep 5:404–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12049
Aerts R, Chapin FS (1999) The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv Ecol Res 30:1–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60016-1
Bai R, Zhou M, Guo Y, Sheng J, Yuan Y, Li Q, Hou L, Bai W (2022) Long-term mowing reinforces connections between soil microbial and plant communities in a temperate steppe. Plant Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05374-9
Banerjee S, Kirkby CA, Schmutter D, Bissett A, Kirkegaard JA, Richardson AE (2016) Network analysis reveals functional redundancy and keystone taxa amongst bacterial and fungal communities during organic matter decomposition in an arable soil. Soil Biol Biochem 97:188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.017
Banerjee S, Schlaeppi K, van der Heijden MGA (2018) Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning. Nat Rev Microbiol 16:567–576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0024-1
Banerjee S, Walder F, Büchi L, Meyer M, Held AY, Gattinger A, Keller T, Charles R, van der Heijden MGA (2019) Agricultural intensification reduces microbial network complexity and the abundance of keystone taxa in roots. ISME J 13:1722–1736. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0383-2
Bardgett RD, van der Putten WH (2014) Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 515:505–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13855
Barnett SE, Youngblut ND, Buckley DH (2020) Soil characteristics and land-use drive microbial community assembly patterns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 96(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiz194
Bastida F, Torres IF, Hernández T, García C (2017) The impacts of organic amendments: Do they confer stability against drought on the soil microbial community? Soil Biol Biochem 113:173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.012
Benot M, Saccone P, Pautrat E, Vicente R, Colace M, Grigulis K, Clément J, Lavorel S (2014) Stronger short-term effects of mowing than extreme summer weather on a subalpine grassland. Ecosystems 17:458–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9734-4
Bonanomi G, Idbella M, Abd-ElGawad AM, Motti R, Ippolito F, Santorufo L, Adamo P, Agrelli D, De Marco A, Maisto G, Zotti M (2022) Impact of prescribed burning, mowing and abandonment on a Mediterranean grassland: A 5-year multi-kingdom comparison. Sci Total Environ 834:155442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155442
Bryan BA, Gao L, Ye Y, Sun X, Connor JD, Crossman ND, Stafford-Smith M, Wu J, He C, Yu D, Liu Z, Li A, Huang Q, Ren H, Deng X, Zheng H, Niu J, Han G, Hou X (2018) China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0280-2
Chase JM (2011) Stochastic community assembly causes higher biodiversity in more productive environments. Science 328:1388–1391. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187820
Chase JM, Myers JA (2011) Disentangling the importance of ecological niches from stochastic processes across scales. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 366:2351–2363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0063
Chen RR, Zhong LH, Jing ZW, Guo ZY, Li ZP, Lin XG, Feng YZ (2017) Fertilization decreases compositional variation of paddy bacterial community across geographical gradient. Soil Biol Biochem 114:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.07.013
Chen Q, Ding J, Zhu Y, He J, Hu H (2020) Soil bacterial taxonomic diversity is critical to maintaining the plant productivity. Environ Int 140:105766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105766
Chen L, Baoyin T, Minggagud H (2021) Effects of mowing regimes on above- and belowground biota in semi-arid grassland of northern China. J Environ Manage 277:111441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111441
Cizek O, Zamecnik J, Tropek R, Kocarek P, Konvicka M (2012) Diversification of mowing regime increases arthropods diversity in species-poor cultural hay meadows. J Insect Conserv 16:215–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9407-6
Cong W, van Ruijven J, Mommer L, De Deyn GB, Berendse F, Hoffland E (2014) Plant species richness promotes soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in grasslands without legumes. J Ecol 102:1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12280
Connell JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4335.1302
Cui H, Sun W, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Song W, Ma J, Wang K, Ling X (2020) The effects of mowing and multi-level N fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal communities in a semiarid grassland are year-dependent. Soil Biol Biochem 151:108040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108040
De Wit R, Bouvier T (2006) ‘Everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’; what did Baas Becking and Beijerinck really say? Environ Microbiol 8:755–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01017.x
Dini-Andreote F, Stegen JC, van Elsas JD, Salles JF (2015) Disentangling mechanisms that mediate the balance between stochastic and deterministic processes in microbial succession. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:E1326–E1332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414261112
Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, Huttenhower C, Langille MGI (2020) PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol 38:685–688. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6
Faust K, Raes J (2012) Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:538–550. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2832
Feng Y, Chen R, Stegen JC, Guo Z, Zhang J, Li Z, Lin X (2018) Two key features influencing community assembly processes at regional scale: initial state and degree of change in environmental conditions. Mol Ecol 27:5238–5251. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14914
García-García N, Tamames J, Linz AM, Pedrós-Alió C, Puente-Sánchez F (2019) Microdiversity ensures the maintenance of functional microbial communities under changing environmental conditions. ISME J 13:2969–2983. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0487-8
Goberna M, Garcia C, Verdu M (2014) A role forbiotic filtering in driving phylogenetic clustering in soil bacterial communities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23:1346–1355. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12227
Hamilton EW III, Frank DA, Hinchey PM, Murray TR (2008) Defoliation induces root exudation and triggers positive rhizospheric feedbacks in a temperate grassland. Soil Biol Biochem 40:2865–2873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.007
He Q, Wang S, Hou W, Feng K, Li F, Hai W, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Deng Y (2021) Temperature and microbial interactions drive the deterministic assembly processes in sediments of hot springs. Sci Total Environ 772:145465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145465
Jangid K, Williams M, Franzluebbers A, Sanderlin J, Reeves J, Jenkins M, Endale D, Coleman D, Whitman W (2008) Relative impacts of land-use, management intensity and fertilization upon soil microbial community structure in agricultural systems. Soil Biol Biochem 40:2843–2853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.07.030
Jiang S, Xing Y, Liu G, Hu C, Wang X, Yan G, Wang Q (2021) Changes in soil bacterial and fungal community composition and functional groups during the succession of boreal forests. Soil Biol Biochem 161:108393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108393
Jiao S, Xu YQ, Zhang J, Lu Y (2019) Environmental filtering drives distinct continental atlases of soil archaea between dryland and wetland agricultural ecosystems. Microbiome 7:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0630-9
Kang L, Chen L, Zhang D, Peng Y, Song Y, Kou D, Deng Y, Yang Y (2022) Stochastic processes regulate belowground community assembly in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Microbiol 24:179–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15827
Keddy PA, Twolan-Sstrutt L, Shipley B (1997) Experimental evidence that interspecific competitive asymmetry increases with soil production. Oikos 80:253–256. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546593
Knelman JE, Nemergut DR (2014) Changes in community assembly may shift the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Front Microbiol 5:424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00424
Kotas P, Choma M, Šantrůčková H, Lepš J, Tříska J, Kaštovská E (2017) Linking above- and belowground responses to 16 years of fertilization, mowing, and removal of the dominant species in a temperate grassland. Ecosystems 20:354–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0031-x
Lauber CL, Hamady M, Knight R, Fierer N (2009) Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil microbial community structure at the continental scale. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:5111–5120. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00335-09
Li X, Wang A, Wan W, Luo X, Zheng L, He G, Huang D, Chen W, Huang Q (2021) High salinity inhibits soil bacterial community mediating nitrogen cycling. Appl Environ Microbiol 87:e1321–e1366. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01366-21
Li W, Kuzyakov Y, Zheng Y, Li P, Li G, Liu M, Alharbi HA, Li Z (2022a) Depth effects on bacterial community assembly processes in paddy soils. Soil Biol Biochem 165:108517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108517
Li Y, Xie X, Zhu Z, Liu K, Liu W, Wang J (2022b) Land use driven change in soil organic carbon affects soil microbial community assembly in the riparian of Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Appl Soil Ecol 176:104467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104467
Li F, Minggagud H, Jarvie S, Wang Y, Yan Y, Gong X, Han P, Zhang Q (2023) Mowing mitigates the adverse effects of fertilization on plant diversity and changes soil bacterial and fungal community structure in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Agric Ecosyst Environ 346:108358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108358
Li J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Xu J, Di H (2017) Effects of long-term mowing on the fractions and chemical composition of soil organic matter in a semiarid grassland. Biogeosciences. 14:2685–2696. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2685-2017
Liao H, Hao X, Zhang Y, Qin F, Xu M, Cai P, Chen W, Huang Q (2022) Soil aggregate modulates microbial ecological adaptations and community assemblies in agricultural soils. Soil Biol Biochem 172:118159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108769
Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Tong L, Wang Z, Li J (2019) Grassland dynamics in responses to climate variation and human activities in China from 2000 to 2013. Sci Total Environ 690:27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.503
Liu W, Graham EB, Zhong L, Zhang J, Li W, Li Z, Lin X, Feng Y (2020) Dynamic microbial assembly processes correspond to soil fertility in sustainable paddy agroecosystems. Funct Ecol 34:1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13550
Liu L, Zhu K, Krause SMB, Li S, Wang X, Zhang Z, Shen M, Yang Q, Lian J, Wang X, Ye W, Zhang J (2021) Changes in assembly processes of soil microbial communities during secondary succession in two subtropical forests. Soil Biol Biochem 154:108144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108144
Louca S, Polz MF, Mazel F, Albright MBN, Huber JA, O’Connor MI, Ackermann M, Hahn AS, Srivastava DS, Crowe SA, Doebeli M, Parfrey LW (2018) Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. Nat Ecol Evol 2:936–943. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0519-1
Luo J, Liao G, Banerjee S, Gu S, Liang J, Guo X, Zhao H, Liang Y, Li T (2023) Long-term organic fertilization promotes the resilience of soil multifunctionality driven by bacterial communities. Soil Biol Biochem 177:108922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108922
Mao Z, Wang Y, Li Q, Li W, Wang H, Li Y, Yue M (2023) Deep mowing rather than fire restrains grassland Miscanthus growth via affecting soil nutrient loss and microbial community redistribution. Front Plant Sci 13:1105718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1105718
Pholchan MK, Baptista JC, Davenport RJ, Sloan WT, Curtis TP (2013) Microbial community assembly, theory and rare functions. Front Microbiol 4:68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00068
Qiu L, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Reich PB, Banerjee S, van der Heijden MGA, Sadowsky MJ, Ishii S, Jia X, Shao M, Liu B, Jiao H, Li H, Wei X (2021) Erosion reduces soil microbial diversity, network complexity and multifunctionality. ISME J 15:2474–2489. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00913-1
Sengupta A, Stegen JC, Meira Neto AA, Wang Y, Neilson JW, Tatarin T, Hunt E, Dontsova K, Chorover J, Troch PA, Maier RM (2019) Assessing microbial community patterns during incipient soil formation from basalt. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 124:941–958. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004315
Stegen JC, Lin X, Konopka AE, Fredrickson JK (2012) Stochastic and deterministic assembly processes in subsurface microbial communities. ISME J 6:1653–1664. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.22
Stegen JC, Lin X, Fredrickson JK, Chen X, Kennedy DW, Murray CJ, Rockhold ML, Konopka A (2013) Quantifying community assembly processes and identifying features that impose them. ISME J 7:2069–2079. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.93
Stone BW, Li J, Koch BJ, Blazewicz SJ, Dijkstra P, Hayer M, Hofmockel KS, Liu XA, Mau RL, Morrissey EM, Pett-Ridge J, Schwartz E, Hungate BA (2021) Nutrients cause consolidation of soil carbon flux to small proportion of bacterial community. Nat Commun 12:3381. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23676-x
Sun Q, Jia R, Qin J, Wang Y, Lu X, Yang P, Bai Y (2023) Grassland management regimes regulate soil phosphorus fractions and conversion between phosphorus pools in semiarid steppe ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 163:33–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01019-w
Tälle M, Deák B, Poschlod P, Valkó O, Westerberg L, Milberg P (2018) Similar effects of different mowing frequencies on the conservation value of semi-natural grasslands in Europe. Biodivers Conserv 27:2451–2475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1562-6
Tripathi BM, Stegen JC, Kim M, Dong K, Adams JM, Lee YK (2018) Soil pH mediates the balance between stochastic and deterministic assembly of bacteria. ISME J 12:1072–1083. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0082-4
Vellend M (2010) Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q Rev Biol 85:183–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/652373
Voolstra CR, Ziegler M (2020) Adapting with microbial help: Microbiome flexibility facilitates rapid responses to environmental change. BioEssays 42:2000004. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000004
Wagg C, Hautier Y, Pellkofer S, Banerjee S, Schmid B, van der Heijden MG, Weigel D, Mori A (2021) Diversity and asynchrony in soil microbial communities stabilizes ecosystem functioning. Elife 10:e62813. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62813
Wahdan SFM, Ji L, Schädler M, Wu Y, Sansupa C, Tanunchai B, Buscot F, Purahong W (2023) Future climate conditions accelerate wheat straw decomposition alongside altered microbial community composition, assembly patterns, and interaction networks. ISME J 17:238–251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01336-2
Wang M, Lan X, Xu X, Fang Y, Singh BP, Sardans J, Romero E, Peñuelas J, Wang W (2020) Steel slag and biochar amendments decreased CO2 emissions by altering soil chemical properties and bacterial community structure over two-year in a subtropical paddy field. Sci Total Environ 740:140403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140403
Yang T, Adams JM, Shi Y, Sun H, Cheng L, Zhang Y, Chu H (2017) Fungal community assemblages in a high elevation desert environment: Absence of dispersal limitation and edaphic effects in surface soil. Soil Biol Biochem 115:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.09.013
Yang Z, Minggagud H, Baoyin T, Li FY (2020) Plant production decreases whereas nutrients concentration increases in response to the decrease of mowing stubble height. J Environ Manage 253:109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109745
Yin Y, Wang X, Hu Y, Li F, Cheng H (2023) Soil bacterial community structure in the habitats with different levels of heavy metal pollution at an abandoned polymetallic mine. J Hazard Mater 442:130063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130063
Zhang J, Huang Y, Chen H, Gong J, Qi Y, Yang F, Li E (2016) Effects of grassland management on the community structure, aboveground biomass and stability of a temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. J Arid Land 8:422–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-016-0002-2
Zhang F, Bennett JA, Zhang B, Zhao M, Han G (2022a) Intensification of disturbance destabilizes productivity through effects on dominant species. Ecol Indic 143:109383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109383
Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Feng Y, Yang G, Ren C, Han X (2022b) Linking soil bacterial community assembly with the composition of organic carbon during forest succession. Soil Biol Biochem 173:108790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108790
Zhang S, Zeng Y, Zhu J, Cai Z, Zhou J (2022c) The structure and assembly mechanisms of plastisphere microbial community in natural marine environment. J Hazard Mater 421:126780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126780
Zhang F, Bennett JA, Zhang B, Zhao T, Bai K, Zhao M, Han G (2023) Responses of grassland productivity to mowing intensity and precipitation variability in a temperate steppe. Oecologia 201:259–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05305-6
Zhao Q, Chen W, Wu L, Wang B, Wu Y, Chen H, Bai Y, Chen D (2023) Nitrogen enrichment amplifies the effects of litter treatments on soil microorganisms and ecosystem functions in grazed and non-grazed grasslands. Appl Soil Ecol 186:104851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104851
Zheng J, Zhang B, Zhang F, Zhao T, Wang Q, Han G, Zhao M (2023) Effects of fencing on near-term ecosystem multifunctionality in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 342:108238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108238
Zhou J, Deng Y, Luo F, He Z, Tu Q, Zhi X (2010) Functional molecular ecological networks. Mbio 1:e110–e169. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00169-10
Zhou J, Deng Y, Zhang P, Xue K, Liang Y, Van Nostrand JD, Yang Y, He Z, Wu L, Stahl DA, Hazen TC, Tiedje JM, Arkin AP (2014) Stochasticity, succession, and environmental perturbations in a fluidic ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E836–E845. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1324044111
Zhou X, Khashi U, Rahman M, Liu J, Wu F (2021) Soil acidification mediates changes in soil bacterial community assembly processes in response to agricultural intensification. Environ Microbiol 23:4741–4755. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15675
Zhu L, Dickson TL, Zhang Z, Dere A, Xu J, Bragg T, Tapprich W, Lu G (2021) Effects of burning and mowing on the soil microbiome of restored tallgrass prairie. Eur J Soil Sci 72:385–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12980
Ziter C, MacDougall AS (2013) Nutrients and defoliation increase soil carbon inputs in grassland. Ecology 94:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-2070.1
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No. 2020ZD03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31861143001), and the Survey of basic resources of science and technology (No. 2019FY102004). We would like to thank Dr. Joseph Elliot at the University of Kansas for her assistance with English language and grammatical editing of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This study was originated from the research plan designed by Mengli Zhao and Bin Zhang. Jiahua Zheng led the feldwork with assistance of Qi Wang and Jirong Qiao. Jiahua Zheng, Feng Zhang, and Tianqi Zhao, conducted the lab experiments. Jiahua Zheng and Shaoyu Li conducted the data analyses. Jiahua Zheng led writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final writing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no known conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ruzhen Wang.
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, J., Wang, Q., Li, S. et al. Mowing effects on soil bacterial community assembly processes in a semiarid grassland. Plant Soil 493, 309–324 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06231-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06231-z