Abstract
Background and aims
Liming is widely known as a cost-efficient agricultural practice to reduce cadmium (Cd) concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain (CdR) in the short term. However, the effect of long-term continuous liming on CdR-reduction in the context of other environmental controls remains unknown.
Methods
We quantified the temporal stability of CdR-reduction in response to biannually continuous liming and its correlations with dynamic soil properties and weather conditions based on a 7-year field experiment in a subtropical double-cropping rice ecosystem in a moderately Cd-contaminated acidic soil.
Results
The CdR value declined by 51–90% with liming without compromising the rice yield. The degree of CdR-reduction was similar between early and late rice seasons. However, the between-year CdR-reduction was variable, remaining relatively stable in the first three years and fluctuating in the last four years. Soil pH and Olsen-P concentration at the ripening stage rose significantly, while the concentrations of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd, Mn, and Zn in soil remained unaffected. The soil pH did not further increase after the second year of liming. The soil pH and Olsen-P concentration were positively correlated with cumulative liming, but the CdR and CdR-reduction exhibited no correlations with cumulative liming. The CdR was correlated negatively with precipitation but positively with temperature and sunshine duration.
Conclusions
The effect of 7-year continuous liming on CdR-reduction was temporally unstable and had no significant cumulative effect on CdR. The between-year CdR-reduction was not controlled by accumulative liming but primarily by dynamic soil properties and weather conditions.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Chao Xu, the section editor (Fangjie Zhao), and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive suggestions and comments. This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1700103-306) and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Hunan Province (File Nos. 2015 [38], 2016 [130]).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Lina Zhang, Zerun Yin, Yi Xue, Dezhi Huang, Liang Zhang, Qing Zhou, Ping Zhou, and Michael L. Thompson. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Lina Zhang and Hao Sheng, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zhang, L., Sheng, H., Yin, Z. et al. Climate and soil pH control the reduction of cadmium in rice during 7 years of biannual liming. Plant Soil 492, 471–484 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06192-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06192-3