Abstract
Background and aims
Rice accounts for around 20% of the calories consumed by humans. Essential nutrients like zinc (Zn) are crucial for rice growth and for populations relying on rice as a staple food. No well-established study method exists. As a result, we a lack a clear picture of the chemical forms of zinc in rice grain. Furthermore, we do not understand the effects of widespread and variable zinc deficiency in soils on the Zn speciation, and to a lesser extent, its concentration, in grain.
Methods
The composition and Zn speciation of Cambodian rice grain is analyzed using synchrotron-based microprobe X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). We developed a method to quantify Zn species in different complexes based on the coordination numbers of Zn to oxygen and sulfur at characteristic bond lengths.
Results
Zn levels in brown rice grain ranged between 15–30 mg kg−1 and were not correlated to Zn availability in soils. 72%-90% of Zn in rice grains is present as Zn-phytate, generally not bioavailable, while smaller quantities of Zn are bound as labile nicotianamine complexes, Zn minerals like ZnCO3 or thiols.
Conclusion
Zn speciation in rice grain is affected by Zn deficiency more than previously recognized. A majority of Zn was bound in phytate complexes in rice grain. Zinc phytate complexes were found in higher concentrations and also in higher proportions, in Zn-deficient soils, consistent with increased phytate production under Zn deficiency. Phytates are generally not bioavailable to humans, so low soil Zn fertility may not only impact grain yields, but also decrease the fraction of grain Zn bioavailable to human consumers. The potential impact of abundant Zn-phytate in environments deficient in Zn on human bioavailability and Zn deficiency requires additional research.
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Data availability
Some of the data is available in the Supplementary Information. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This research is supported by US National Science Foundation (NSF EAR 22-26647) , the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program (Grant P42ES033719), the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants EAR 15-21356 and ICR 14-14131, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant ES010349, the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Number XDA20060402), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41877505), the Guangdong international collaborative grant (2021A0505050001) to Y. Z and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to AAN. This research used experimental facilities and beamlines at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. Data reported in this submission will be available in Columbia Academic Commons.
Funding
This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants EAR 22-26647, EAR 15–21356 and ICR 14–14131, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants P42ES010349 and P42ES033719, the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Number XDA20060402), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41877505) and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to AAN. This research used experimental facilities and beamlines at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515.
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Benjamin C. Bostick planned and designed the research. Benjamin C. Bostick, Yating Shen, Elizabeth Wiita, Athena A. Nghiem and Ezazul Haque performed experiments. Benjamin C. Bostick, Yan Zheng, Elizabeth Wiita, Jingyu Liu, Chheng Y Seng and Kongkea Phan conducted fieldwork. Yating Shen and Benjamin C. Bostick analyzed data. Yating Shen and Benjamin C. Bostick wrote the first manuscript. Yan Zheng, Rachel N. Austin, Elizabeth Wiita, Athena A. Nghiem, Ezazul Haque, Jingyu Liu, Benjamin C. Bostick and Yating Shen review and edit the manuscript.
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Shen, Y., Wiita, E., Nghiem, A.A. et al. Zinc localization and speciation in rice grain under variable soil zinc deficiency. Plant Soil 491, 605–626 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06140-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06140-1