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Correspondence between δ13C and δ15N in soils suggests coordinated fractionation processes for soil C and N

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Abstract

Background and aims

Although a number of different factors influence C and N isotopic fractionation of organic matter, the δ13C and δ15N values of soil organic matter both tend to increase with soil depth, following similar trajectories. This similarity has not been investigated at the global scale. As microbial decomposition increases organic matter δ13C and δ15N values, soil isotopic values are hypothesized to generally increase with depth across local and global scales.

Methods

Soil δ13C and δ15N values for 16 soil depth-profile sites were used for local-scale investigation, and 5447 global single-depth sites were used for global-scale investigation of the correspondence between δ13C and δ15N. Correlative and boosted regression tree analyses were used to determine the main drivers of the variance in soil δ15N globally and also the environmental association of variability in the correlation with depth between δ13C and δ15N at a number of sites.

Results

Strong positive correlations between δ13C and δ15N values through soil profiles were found at a number of sites and were found to be independent of vegetation type. Globally, soil δ13C and δ15N values were also found to be significantly positively correlated across a wide range of climates and biomes.

Conclusion

The global correspondences between δ13C and δ15N values may suggest a mechanistic link between δ13C and δ15N through the process of SOM decomposition and microbial processing and highlight the importance of soil-related processes in determining isotopic signals in soils. The variability in these soil processes should be considered when interpreting soil isotopic values of δ13C and δ15N as indicators of ecosystem sources of soil C and N and inferring vegetation inputs.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Research Foundation (South Africa). We would like to thank Emma Grey, William Bond and Edmund February for providing data for the study.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa

    Jacques A. Nel & Michael D. Cramer

  2. Jonah Ventures, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA

    Joseph M. Craine

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ESM 1

Supp. Fig. 1: Observed δ15N against predicted d15N at the global scale based on the global BRT model. Black line indicates the y=x for the observed δ15N values while the red line represents the fitted function for predicted δ15N (y = -0.5x + 1.1). (DOCX 1 mb)

ESM 2

Supp. Fig 2: Test for bimodality of soil δ13C data. Red ribbon represents normal distribution of C4 sites while the blue ribbon represents normal distribution for C3 sites. (DOCX 63.7 kb)

ESM 3

Supp. Fig. 3: Minimum and maximum soil δ13C and δ15N for dominant photosynthetic pathway for all local soil profile sites used in this study. (DOCX 143 kb)

ESM 4

Supp. Fig. 4: The partial dependence of the correlation between δ13C and δ15N on the six most influential environmental predictors. The fitted function represents the modeled relationship between the correlation coefficient of δ13C and δ15N and an environmental predictor once the average effects of all other predictors were accounted for. the Solid line represents the mean of 10 runs of the final, simplified BRT model. Dashed lines represents 27 the 95% CI. A flattening of the line indicates that an increase in the predictor has no further effect on the fitted function. (DOCX 167 kb)

ESM 5

ESM Supp. Fig 5: The partial dependence of δ15N on the six most influential environmental predictors. The fitted function represents the modeled relationship between δ15N and an environmental predictor once the average effects of all other predictors were accounted for. Solid line represents the mean of 10 runs of the final, simplified BRT model. Dashed lines represents the 95% CI. A flattening of the line indicates that an increase in the predictor has no further effect on the fitted function. (DOCX 2.17 mb)

ESM 6

Supp. Table 1. (DOCX 70.9 kb)

ESM 7

Supp. Table 2. (DOCX 39.6 kb)

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Nel, J.A., Craine, J.M. & Cramer, M.D. Correspondence between δ13C and δ15N in soils suggests coordinated fractionation processes for soil C and N. Plant Soil 423, 257–271 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3500-x

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