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Ecology and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected conservation priority

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Abstract

Background

Botanists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists are familiar with the astonishing species richness and endemism of the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region and the ancient and unique flora of the kwongkan of south-western Australia. These regions represent old climatically-buffered infertile landscapes (OCBILs) that are the basis of a general hypothesis to explain their richness and endemism. However, few ecologists are familiar with the campo rupestre of central and eastern Brazil, an extremely old mountaintop ecosystem that is both a museum of ancient lineages and a cradle of continuing diversification of endemic lineages.

Scope

Diversification of some lineages of campo rupestre pre-dates diversification of lowland cerrado, suggesting it may be the most ancient open vegetation in eastern South America. This vegetation comprises more than 5000 plant species, nearly 15 % of Brazil’s plant diversity, in an area corresponding to 0.78 % of its surface. Reviewing empirical data, we scrutinise five predictions of the OCBIL theory, and show that campo rupestre is fully comparable to and remarkably convergent with both fynbos and kwongkan, and fulfills the criteria for a classic OCBIL.

Conclusions

The increasing threats to campo rupestre are compromising ecosystem services and we argue for the implementation of more effective conservation and restoration strategies.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Peter Reich, Ian Wright and Simon Pierce for original data on leaf functional traits and Marcos Callisto for providing coordinates. The comments of two reviewers and RC Colwell improved early versions of the manuscript. This research was funded by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (APQ-03199-13, 561883/2010-6, 311301/2011-8, 482720/2012), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (APQ-04105-10, APQ-02231-12), Sao Paulo Research Foundation (2013/50155-0, 2014/01594-4), the Ministère Français des affaires étrangères et européennes (EGIDE 2009/657176K) and French Embassy / UNESP Rio Claro Chairs 2012 and 2014. We thank CAPES for granting a PVE / Ciência sem fronteiras scholarship (88881.068071/2014-01) to HL and RSO. FAOS, AAC, LPCM, JPLF, CMJ, FSN, GWF, CES, RSO, and QSG received research productivity scholarships from CNPq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Fernando A. O. Silveira, Queila S. Garcia, Tadeu J. Guerra & José P. Lemos-Filho

  2. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Daniel Negreiros, Newton P. U. Barbosa, G. Wilson Fernandes, Claudia M. Jacobi, Soizig Le Stradic & Frederico S. Neves

  3. Université d’Avignon et desPays de Vaucluse, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie – UMR CNRS IRD Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France

    Elise Buisson & Soizig Le Stradic

  4. Instituto Prístino, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Flávio F. Carmo

  5. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil

    Daniel W. Carstensen & Leonor Patrícia C. Morellato

  6. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil

    Abel A. Conceição

  7. Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João del Rei, Brazil

    Tatiana G. Cornelissen

  8. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil

    Lívia Echternacht

  9. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    G. Wilson Fernandes

  10. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Soizig Le Stradic

  11. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Rafael S. Oliveira

  12. Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil

    Carlos E. Schaefer

  13. Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil

    Pedro L. Viana

  14. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

    Rafael S. Oliveira & Hans Lambers

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  1. Fernando A. O. Silveira
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Correspondence to Fernando A. O. Silveira.

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Silveira, F.A.O., Negreiros, D., Barbosa, N.P.U. et al. Ecology and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected conservation priority. Plant Soil 403, 129–152 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2637-8

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