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Endogeic earthworms modify soil phosphorus, plant growth and interactions in a legume–cereal intercrop

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Abstract

Background and aims

Intercropping of legumes and cereals appears as an alternative agricultural practice to decrease the use of chemical fertilizers while maintaining high yields. A better understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors determining interactions between plants in such associations is required. Our study aimed to analyse the effect of earthworms on the legume–cereal interactions with a focus on the modifications induced by earthworms on the forms of soil phosphorus (P).

Methods

In a glasshouse experiment we investigated the effect of an endogeic earthworm (Allolobophora chlorotica) on the plant biomass and on N and P acquisition by durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) either grown alone or intercropped. The modifications of the different organic and inorganic P forms in the bulk soil were measured.

Results

There was no overyielding of the intercrop in the absence of earthworms. Earthworms had a strong influence on biomass and resource allocation between roots and shoots whereas no modification was observed in terms of total biomass production and P acquisition. Earthworms changed the interaction between the intercropped species mainly by reducing the competition for nutrients. Facilitation (positive plant–plant interactions) was only observed for the root biomass and P acquisition in the presence of earthworms. Earthworms decreased the amount of organic P extracted with NaOH (Po NaOH), while they increased the water soluble inorganic P (Pi H2O) content.

Conclusions

In this experiment, earthworms could be seen as “troubleshooter” in plant–plant interaction as they reduced the competition between the intercropped species. Our study brings new insights into how earthworms affect plant growth and the P cycle.

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Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the PerfCom project (ANR-Systerra ANR-08-STRA-11, coordinated by Dr. P. Hinsinger). Many technical staff members and students are gratefully acknowledged: D. Arnal, A. Grau, C. Guilleré, C. Pernot, G. Souche, E. Russello. We also thank Dr. E. Betencourt, Dr. G. Carlsson, Dr. B. Cloutier-Hurteau, Dr. P. Coll, Dr. P. Deleporte (Eco&Sols) and Dr. E. Garnier (CEFE) for useful discussions.

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Author notes

  1. M. Coulis

    Present address: Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRD, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France

    M. Coulis, L. Bernard, M. Villeneuve & E. Blanchart

  2. INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France

    F. Gérard, P. Hinsinger & C. Plassard

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  1. M. Coulis
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  2. L. Bernard
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  3. F. Gérard
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Correspondence to E. Blanchart.

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Responsible Editor: Hans Lambers.

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Appendix Figure A1

Effect of earthworms and plants on phosphorus forms and pH of soil. Concentrations of inorganic phosphorus forms extracted with H2O, NaHCO3 and NaOH are shown in graph a, b and c respectively. Organic phosphorus forms are shown in graph d and e for extractions with NaHCO3 and NaOH respectively. Graph f show pH values of soil. (PPTX 79 kb)

Appendix Table A1

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Appendix Table A2

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Coulis, M., Bernard, L., Gérard, F. et al. Endogeic earthworms modify soil phosphorus, plant growth and interactions in a legume–cereal intercrop. Plant Soil 379, 149–160 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2046-4

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