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Nitric oxide emissions from rice-wheat rotation fields in eastern China: effect of fertilization, soil water content, and crop residue

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Abstract

A better understanding of nitric oxide (NO) emission from a typical rice-wheat agroecosystem in eastern China is important for calculating the regional inventory and to propose effective NO mitigation options. Nitric oxide flux measurements by static chamber method were made from treatments of conventional nitrogen-fertilizer (NPK plus urea) application, no-nitrogen application, and nitrogen-fertilizer with incorporation of wheat straw residue for an entire rotation period (June 2002 to June 2003). During the wheat growing season two further treatments of fertilizer without crops planted and bare soil without nitrogen (N) fertilization were applied. Total annual NO emissions for the conventional fertilizer, no N fertilizer and fertilizer plus straw application were 0.44 ± 0.01, 0.22 ± 0.01, and 0.57 ± 0.02 kg N ha−1y−1, respectively. On average 27% of this emission occurred during the rice season due to flooding/drainage cycle. The N fertilizer-induced emission factor for the conventional fertilizer treatment was 0.05% of the total N applied. Incorporation of wheat straw in the rice season showed no significant effect on NO flux due to the high C/N ratio of the straw incorporated. During the wheat growing season, NO emissions for all treatments had similar variation pattern controlled by soil moisture dynamics. Total NO emissions in the wheat season for fertilized bare soil (no wheat planted) were 0.389 ± 0.01 and 0.21 ± 0.01 kg N ha−1 y−1, respectively. The results indicate the importance of N fertilizer and soil moisture to nitrogen loss through the formation of NO.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-yw-204, KZCX3-SW-440), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40425010), and the European Union (NitroEurope IP 017841). We thank Drs. Zhongjun Xu and Yiwei Diao for their assistance with the field experiments. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments that greatly improved the contents of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China

    Zaixing Zhou, Xunhua Zheng, Baohua Xie, Chunyan Liu, Tao Song & Shenghui Han

  2. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People’s Republic of China

    Jianguo Zhu

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  1. Zaixing Zhou
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Correspondence to Xunhua Zheng.

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Responsible Editor: Ute Skiba.

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Zhou, Z., Zheng, X., Xie, B. et al. Nitric oxide emissions from rice-wheat rotation fields in eastern China: effect of fertilization, soil water content, and crop residue. Plant Soil 336, 87–98 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0450-y

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