Abstract
A few rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties or rice straw produce and release allelochemicals into soil in which interfere with the growth of neighboring or successive plants. Allelopathic rice PI312777 and Huagan-1 at their early growth stages released momilactone B, 3-isopropyl-5-acetoxycyclohexene-2-one-1, and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone into soil at phytotoxic levels, but non-allelopathic rice Huajingxian did not. Both allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice residues released momilactone B and lignin-related phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic and vanillic acids) into the soil during residue decomposition to inhibit successive plants. The results indicated that allelochemicals involved in rice allelopathy from living and dead plants are substantially different. Interestingly, the concentrations of the allelochemicals released from the allelopathic rice seedlings in soil increased dramatically when they were surrounded with Echinochloa crus-galli. The concentrations of the allelochemicals were over 3-fold higher in the presence of E. crus-galli than in the absence of E. crus-galli. However, the same case did not occur in non-allelopathic Huajingxian seedlings surrounded with E. crus-galli. In addition to allelochemical exudation being promoted by the presence of E. crus-galli, allelopathic rice seedlings also increased allelochemical exudation in response to exudates of germinated E. crus-galli seeds or lepidimoide, an uronic acid derivative exuded from E. crus-galli seeds. These results imply that allelopathic rice seedlings can sense certain allelochemicals released by E. crus-galli into the soil, and respond by increased production of allelochemicals inhibitory to E. crus-galli. This study suggests that rice residues of both allelopathic and non-allelopathic varieties release similar concentrations and types of allelochemicals to inhibit successive plants. In contrast, living rice plants of certain allelopathic varieties appear to be able to detect the presence of interspecific neighbors and respond by increased allelochemicals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bruin J, Dicke M (2001) Chemical information transfer between wounded and unwounded plants: back to the future. Biochem Syst Ecol 29:1103–1113
Chung IM, Ahn JK, Yun SJ (2001) Identification of allelopathic compounds from rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and their biological activity. Can J Plant Sci 81:815–819
Dayan FE (2006) Factors modulating the levels of the allelochemical sorgoleone in Sorghum bicolor. Planta, DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0217-5
Dilday RH (1994) Identification of allelopathy in USDA-ARS rice germplasm collection. Aust J Exp Agric 34:907–910
Farmer EE (2001) Surface-to-air signal. Nature 411:854–856
Fitter A (2003) Making allelopathy respectable. Science 301:1337–1338
Hasegawa K, Mizutani J, Kosemura S, Yamamura S (1992) Isolation and identification of lepidimoide, a new allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress seeds. Plant Physiol 100:1059–1061
Inderjit S, Duke SO (2003) Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy. Planta 217:529–639
Inderjit S, Rawat D, Foy CL (2004) Multifaceted approach to determine rice straw phytotoxicity. Can J Bot 82:168–176
Kato-Noguchi H, Ino T (2003) Rice seedlings release momilactone B into the environment. Phytochemistry 63:551–554
Kato-Noguchi H, Ino T (2005) Possible involvement of momilactone B in rice allelopathy. J Plant Physiol 162:718–721
Kim KU, Shin DH, Lee IJ, Kim HY (2000) Rice allelopathy in Korea. In: Kim KU, Shin DH (eds) Rice allelopathy. Kyungpook National University, Taegu (Korea), pp 57–82
Kim SY, Madrid AV, Park ST, Yang SJ, Olofsdotter M (2005) Evaluation of rice allelopathy in hydroponics. Weed Res 45:74–79
Kong CH, Laing WJ, Xu XH, Hu F, Wang P, Jiang Y (2004a) Release and activity of allelochemicals from allelopathic rice seedlings. J Agric Food Chem 52:2861–2865
Kong CH, Xu XH, Hu F, Chen XH, Ling B, Tan ZW (2002) Using specific secondary metabolites as markers to evaluate allelopathic potential of rice varieties and their individual plants. Chin Sci Bull 47:839–842
Kong CH, Xu XH, Zhou B, Hu F, Zhang CX, Zhang MX (2004b) Two compounds from allelopathic rice accession and their inhibitory activity on weeds and fungal pathogens. Phytochemistry 65:1123–1128
Kuroda K, Suzuki A, Kato M, Imai K (1995) Analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) lignin by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. J Anal Appl Pyrol 34:1–12
Lee CW, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y, Konnai M, Tamogami S, Kodama O (1999) Momilactones A and B in rice straw harvested at different growth stages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63:1318–1320
Olofsdotter MD, Navarez D, Rebulanan M, Streibig JC (1999) Weed-suppressive rice cultivars does allelopathy play a role? Weed Res 39:441–454
Olofsdotter MD, Rebulanan M, Madrid A (2002) Why phenolic acids are unlikely primary allelochemicals in rice. J Chem Ecol 28:229–241
Seal AN, Haig T, Pratley JE (2004) Evaluation of putative allelochemicals in rice root exudates for their role in the suppression of arrowhead root growth. J Chem Ecol 30:1663–1678
Tang CS, Young CC (1982) Collection and identification of allelopathic compounds from the undisturbed root system of Bigalta Limpograss (Hemarthria altissima). Plant Physiol 69:155–160
Weidenhamer JD (2005) Biomimetic measurement of allelochemical dynamics in the rhizosphere. J Chem Ecol 31:221–236
Weidenhamer JD, Hartnett DC, Romeo JT (1989) Density-dependent phytotoxicity: distinguishing resource competition and allelopathic interference in plants. J Appl Ecol 26:613–624
Yamada K, Anai T, Hasegawa K (1995) Lepidimoide, an allelopathic substance in the exudates from germinated seeds. Phytochemistry 39:1031–1032
Zhao H, Li HB, Kong CH, Xu XH, Liang WJ (2005) Chemical response of allelopathic rice seedling under varying environmental conditions. Allelopathy J 15:105–110
Zhu HL, Kong CH, Hu F, Lin B, Xu XH (2003) Evaluation methods for allelopathic potentials of rice germplasms. Sci Agric Sin 36:788–792 (in Chinese)
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Dr. S. O. Duke (Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA) for his constructive comments and English corrections of early manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 30430460) and Hundreds-Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kong, C.H., Li, H.B., Hu, F. et al. Allelochemicals released by rice roots and residues in soil. Plant Soil 288, 47–56 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9033-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9033-3