Abstract
Many cyanobacteria secrete siderophores to sequester iron. Alternatively, mechanisms to utilize xenosiderophores have evolved. The overall uptake systems are comparable to that of other bacteria involving outer membrane transporters energized by TonB as well as plasma membrane-localized transporters. However, the function of the bioinformatically-inferred components is largely not established and recent studies showed a high diversity of the complexity of the uptake systems in different cyanobacteria. Thus, we approached the systems of the filamentous Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 as a model of a siderophore-secreting cyanobacterium. Anabaena sp. produces schizokinen and uptake of Fe-schizokinen involves the TonB-dependent transporter, schizokinen transporter (SchT), and the ABC-type transport system FhuBCD. We confirm that this system is also relevant for the uptake of structurally similar Fe-siderophore complexes like Fe-aerobactin. Moreover, we demonstrate a function of the TonB-dependent transporter IutA2 in Fe-schizokinen uptake in addition to SchT. The iutA2 mutant shows growth defects upon iron limitation, alterations in Fe-schizokinen uptake and in the transcription profile of the Fe-schizokinen uptake system. The physiological properties of the mutant confirm the importance of iron uptake for cellular function, e.g. for the Krebs cycle. Based on the relative relation of expression of schT and iutA2 as well as of the iron uptake rate to the degree of starvation, a model for the need of the co-existence of two different outer membrane transporters for the same substrate is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albrecht-Gary AM, Crumbliss AL (1998) Coordination chemistry of siderophores: thermodynamics and kinetics of iron chelation and release. Met Ions in Biol Syst 35:239–327
Andrews SC, Robinson AK, Rodriguez-Quinones F (2003) Bacterial iron homeostasis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27:215–237
Bailey KM, Taub FB (1980) Effects of hydroxamate siderophores (strong Fe(III) chelators) on the growth of algae. J Phycol 16:334–339
Beale SI (1994) Biosynthesis of cyanobacterial tetrapyrrole pigments: hemes, chlorophylls, and phycobilins. In: Bryant DA (ed) The molecular biology of cyanobacteria. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 519–558
Benz R (1994) Uptake of solutes through bacterial outer membranes. In: Ghuysen J-M, Hakenbeck R (eds) Bacterial cell wall. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 397–423
Boyd PW, Jickells T, Law CS, Blain S, Boyle EA, Buesseler KO (2007) Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993–2005: synthesis and future directions. Science 315:612–617
Boyer GL, Gillam AH, Trick CG (1987) Iron chelation and uptake. In: Fay P, Van Baalen C. (eds) The cyanobacteria. Elsevier, New York, pp 415–436
Brand LE (1991) Minimum iron requirements of marine phytoplankton and the implications for the biogeochemical control of new production. Limnol Oceangr 36:1756–1771
Braud A, Hannauer M, Mislin G, Schalk I (2009a) The Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyochelin-iron uptake pathway and its metal specificity. J Bacteriol 191:3517–3525
Braud A, Hoegy F, Jezeque K, Lebeau T, Schalk I (2009b) New insights into the metal specificity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyoverdine–iron uptake pathway. Environ Microbiol 11:1079–1091
Braun V (1999) Active transport of siderophore-mimicking antibacterials across the outer membrane. Drug Resist Updat 6:363–369
Braun V, Burkhardt R, Schneider R, Zimmermann L (1982) Chromosomal genes for ColV plasmid-determined iron(III)-aerobactin transport in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 151:553–559
Braun V, Günter K, Hantke K (1991) Transport of iron across the outer membrane. Biol Met 4:14–22
Brock TD (1973) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of the cyanophytes. In: Carr NG, Whitton BA (eds) The biology of the blue-green algae. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 487–500
Chu BC, Garcia-Herrero A, Johanson TH, Krewulak KD, Lau CK, Peacock RS, Slavinskaya Z, Vogel HJ (2010) Siderophore uptake in bacteria and the battle for iron with the host; a bird’s eye view. Biometals 23:601–611
Clarke SE, Stuart J, Sanders-Loehr J (1987) Induction of siderophore activity in Anabaena spp. and moderation of copper toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:917–922
Dean CR, Neshat S, Poole K (1996) PfeR, an enterobactin-responsive activator of ferric enterobactin receptor gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 178:5361–5369
Dhungana S, White PS, Crumbliss AL (2001) Crystal structure of ferrioxamine B: a comparative analysis and implications for molecular recognition. J Biol Inorg Chem 6:810–818
Elhai J, Wolk CP (1988a) Conjugal transfer of DNA to cyanobacteria. Methods Enzymol 167:747–754
Ferguson AD, Deisenhofer J (2002) TonB-dependent receptors-structural perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta 1565:318–332
Ferreira F, Strauss NA (1994) Iron deprivation in cyanobacteria. J Appl Phycol 6:199–210
Flint DH, Emptage MH, Guest JR (1992) Fumarase a from Escherichia coli: purification and characterization as an iron-sulfur cluster containing enzyme. Biochemistry 31:10331–10337
Frías JE, Flores E, Herrero A (1997) Nitrate assimilation gene cluster from the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 179:477–486
Goldmann SJ, Lammers PJ, Berman MS, Sanders-Loehr J (1983) Siderophore-mediated iron-uptake in different strains of Anabaena sp. J Bacteriol 156:1144–1150
González A, Bes MT, Barja F, Peleato ML, Fillat MF (2010) Overexpression of FurA in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 reveals new targets for this regulator involved in photosynthesis, iron uptake and cellular morphology. Plant Cell Physiol 51:1900–1914
González A, Angarica VE, Sancho J, Fillat MF (2014) The FurA regulon in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120: in silico prediction and experimental validation of novel target genes. Nucleic Acids Res 42:4833–4846
Harris WR, Carrano CJ, Raymond KN (1979) Coordination chemistry of microbial iron transport compounds. 16. Isolation, characterization and formation constants of ferric aerobactin. J Am Chem Soc 101:2722–2727
Iverson TM, Luna-Chavez C, Cecchini G, Rees DC (1999) Structure of the Escherichia coli fumarate reductase respiratory complex. Science 18:1961–1966
Katoh H, Hagino N, Ogawa T (2001) Iron-binding activity of FutA1 subunit of an ABC-type iron transporter in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol 42:823–827
Kranzler C, Lis H, Shaked Y, Keren N (2011) The role of reduction in iron uptake processes in a unicellular, planktonic cyanobacterium. Environ Microbiol 13:2990–2999
Kranzler C, Lis H, Finkel OM, Schmetterer G, Shaked Y, Keren N (2014) Coordinated transporter activity shapes high-affinity iron acquisition in cyanobacteria. ISME J 8:409–417
Krewulak KD, Vogel HJ (2008) Structural biology of bacterial iron uptake. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778:1781–1804
Kustka A, Carpenter EJ, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA (2002) Iron and marine nitrogen fixation: progress and future directions. Res Microbiol 153:255–262
Lancaster CR, Kröger A, Auer M, Michel H (1999) Structure of fumarate reductase from Wolinella succinogenes at 2.2 A resolution. Nature 25:377–385
Lis H, Shaked Y, Kranzler C, Keren N, Morel FMM (2014) Iron bioavailability to phytoplankton: an empirical approach. ISME J 8:409–417
Lis H, Kranzler C, Keren N, Shaked Y (2015) A Comparative study of iron uptake rates and mechanisms amongst marine and fresh water cyanobacteria: prevalence of reductive iron uptake. Life 5:841–860
López-Gomollón S, Hernández JA, Wolk CP, Peleato ML, Fillat MF (2007a) Expression of furA is modulated by NtcA and strongly enhanced in heterocysts of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Microbiology 153:42–50
López-Gomollón S, Hernández JA, Pellicer S, Angarica VE, Peleato ML, Fillat MF (2007b) Cross-talk between iron and nitrogen regulatory networks in Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120: identification of overlapping genes in FurA and NtcA regulons. J Mol Biol 374:267–281
Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE (1991) The case for iron. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1793–1802
Mirus O, Strauss S, Nicolaisen K, von Haeseler A, Schleiff E (2009) TonB-dependent transporters and their occurrence in cyanobacteria. BMC Biol 7:68
Moore J, Doney SC, Glover DM, Fung IY (2001) Iron cycling and nutrient-limitation patterns in surface waters of the world ocean. Limnol Oceangr 5:353–362
Moslavac S, Reisinger V, Berg M, Mirus O, Vosyka O, Ploscher M (2007) The proteome of the heterocyst cell wall in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Biol Chem 388:823–829
Murphy TP, Lean DRS, Nalewajko C (1976) Blue-green algae: their excretion of iron selective chelators enables them to dominate other algae. Science 192:900–902
Nagata T, Oobo T, Aozasa O (2013) Efficacy of a bacterial siderophore, pyoverdine, to supply iron to Solanum lycopersicum plants. J Biosci Bioeng 115:686–690
Nicolaisen K, Moslavac S, Samborski A, Valdebenito M, Hantke K, Maldener I et al (2008) Alr0397 is an outer membrane transporter for the siderophore schizokinen in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 190:7500–7507
Nicolaisen K, Hahn A, Valdebenito M, Moslavac S, Samborski A, Maldener I (2010) The interplay between siderophore secretion and coupled iron and copper transport in the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798:2131–2140
Noinaj N, Guillier M, Barnard TJ, Buchanan SK (2010) TonB-dependent transporters: regulation, structure, and function. Annu Rev Microbiol 64:43–60
Paz-Yepes J, Merino-Puerto V, Herrero A, Flores E (2008) The amt gene cluster of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 190:6534–6539
Pernil R, Picossi S, Mariscal V, Herrero A, Flores E (2008) ABC-type amino acid uptake transporters Bgt and N-II of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 share an ATPase subunit and are expressed in vegetative cells and heterocysts. Mol Microbiol 67:1067–1080
Poole K, McKay GA (2003) Iron acquisition and its control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: many roads to Rome. Front Biosci 8:661–686
Rabsch W, Winkelmann G (1991) The specificity of bacterial siderophore receptors probed by bioassays. Biol Met 4:244–250
Raven JA (1990) Predictions of Mn and Fe use efficiencies of phototrophic growth as a function of light availability for growth and of c assimilation pathway. New Phytol 116:1–18
Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M, Stanker RY (1979) Generic assignments, strain histories, and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 111:1–61
Robbins AH, Stout CD (1989) The structure of aconitase. Proteins 5:289–312
Rudolf M, Kranzler C, Lis H, Margulis K, Stevanovic M, Keren N, Schleiff E (2015) Multiple modes of iron uptake by the filamentous, siderophore-producing cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Mol Microbiol 97:577–588
Salomon E, Bar-Eyal L, Sharon S, Keren N (2013) Balancing photosynthetic electron flow is critical for cyanobacterial acclimation to nitrogen limitation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:340–347
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Extraction, purification, and analysis of messenger RNA from eukaryotic cells. Nolan C (ed) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor
Saxena RK, Pandey PK, Bisen PS (2002) Physiological and biochemical alterations in Anabaena 7120 under iron stress. Indian J Exp Biol 40:594–599
Schwyn B, Neilands JB (1987) Universal chemical assay for the detection and determination of siderophores. Anal Biochem 160:47–56
Shcolnick S, Shaked Y, Keren N (2007) A role for mrgA, a DPS family protein, in the internal transport of Fe in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:814–819
Sheldon JR, Marolda CL, Heinrichs DE (2014) TCA cycle activity in Staphylococcus aureus is essential for iron-regulated synthesis of staphyloferrin A, but not staphyloferrin B: the benefit of a second citrate synthase. Mol Microbiol 92:824–839
Simpson FB, Neiland JB (1976) Siderochromesin cyanophyceae: isolation and characterization of schizokinen from Anabaena sp. J Phycol 12:44–48
Speziali CD, Dale SE, Henderson JA, Vinés ED, Heinrichs DE (2006) Requirement of Staphylococcus aureus ATP-binding cassette-ATPase FhuC for iron-restricted growth and evidence that it functions with more than one iron transporter. J Bacteriol 188:2048–2055
Stevanovic M, Hahn A, Nicolaisen K, Mirus O, Schleiff E (2012) The components of the putative iron transport system in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Environ Microbiol 7:1655–1670
Stevanovic M, Lehmann C, Schleiff E (2013) The response of the TonB-dependent transport network in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 to cell density and metal availability. BioMetals 26:549–560
Straus NA (1994) Iron deprivation: physiology and gene regulation. In: Bryant DA (ed) The molecular biology of cyanobacteria. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 731–750
Vansuyt G, Robin A, Briat JF, Curie C, Lemanceau P (2007) Iron acquisition from Fe-pyoverdine by Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20:441–447
Wagegg W, Braun V (1981) Ferric citrate transport in Escherichia coli requires outer membrane receptor protein FecA. J Bacteriol 145:156–163
Wells ML, Price NM, Bruland KW (1995) Iron chemistry in seawater and its relationship to phytoplankton: a workshop report. Mar Chem 48:157–182
Wolk C, Vonshak A, Kehoe P, Elhai J (1984) Construction of shuttle vectors capable of conjugative transfer from Escherichia coli to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria. Microbiol 81:1561–1565
Yingping F, Lemeille S, González A, Risoul V, Denis Y, Richaud P et al (2015) The Pkn22 Ser/Thr kinase in Nostoc PCC 7120: role of FurA and NtcA regulators and transcript profiling under nitrogen starvation and oxidative stress. BMC Genomics 16:557
Zhang S, Bryant DA (2015) Biochemical validation of the glyoxylate cycle in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii strain PCC 9212. J Biol Chem 29:14019–14030
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHL 585-6) to ES and by an Israeli Science Foundation grant (806/11) awarded to NK.
Author contributions
ES designed research; MR performed uptake experiments and mutant analysis; MR, MS and RP performed qRT-PCR; ES, MR, RP and NK analysed data; ES and MR wrote the manuscript; all authors were involved in final editing and all approved the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that no conflict of interest is attached to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rudolf, M., Stevanovic, M., Kranzler, C. et al. Multiplicity and specificity of siderophore uptake in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Plant Mol Biol 92, 57–69 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0495-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0495-2