Skip to main content
Log in

Transitioning of children with GH deficiency to adult dosing: changes in body composition

  • Published:
Pituitary Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As more evidence gathers regarding the beneficial effect of growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) on body composition and other parameters in adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD), questions emerge regarding whether or not GHRT should be discontinued following cessation of statural growth, and the effect of GHRT during the transition period on body composition and related parameters. This review discusses the effect of discontinuation of GHRT following attainment of adult stature, and the treatment and dose effect when GHRT is reinstated. We also review data regarding who should receive GHRT, the criteria for diagnosing persistent GHD, dosing of GHRT and the possibility of a GH ‘holiday’.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ et al (2005) Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood, and puberty. Endocr Rev 26:114–146 Medline. doi:10.1210/er.2003-0038

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Attanasio AF, Shavrikova E, Blum WF et al (2004) Continued growth hormone (GH) treatment after final height is necessary to complete somatic development in childhood-onset GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4857–4862 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Albu JB, Kovera AJ, Johnson JA (2000) Fat distribution and health in obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:491–501 Medline

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Abate N, Burns D, Peshock RM, Garg A, Grundy SM (1994) Estimation of adipose tissue mass by magnetic resonance imaging: validation against dissection in human cadavers. J Lipid Res 35:1490–1496 Medline

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Johannsson G, Albertsson-Wikland K, Bengtsson BA (1999) Discontinuation of growth hormone (GH) treatment: metabolic effects in GH-deficient and GH-sufficient adolescent patients compared with control subjects. Swedish Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4516–4524 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.84.12.4516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hulthen L, Bengtsson BA, Sunnerhagen KS, Hallberg L, Grimby G, Johannsson G (2001) GH is needed for the maturation of muscle mass and strength in adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4765–4770 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.86.10.4765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Vahl N, Juul A, Jorgensen JO, Orskov H, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS (2000) Continuation of growth hormone (GH) replacement in GH-deficient patients during transition from childhood to adulthood: a two-year placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1874–1881 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.85.5.1874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Underwood LE, Attie KM, Baptista J (2003) Growth hormone (GH) dose-response in young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency: a two-year, multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5273–5280 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mauras N, Pescovitz OH, Allada V, Messig M, Wajnrajch MP, Lippe B (2005) Limited efficacy of growth hormone (GH) during transition of GH-deficient patients from adolescence to adulthood: a phase III multicenter, double-blind, randomized two-year trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3946–3955 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tauber M, Jouret B, Cartault A et al (2003) Adolescents with partial growth hormone (GH) deficiency develop alterations of body composition after GH discontinuation and require follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5101–5106 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Henry YM, Fatayerji D, Eastell R (2004) Attainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 15:263–273 Medline. doi:10.1007/s00198-003-1542-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC (1998) Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 19:55–79 Medline. doi:10.1210/er.19.1.55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kaufman JM, Taelman P, Vermeulen A, Vandeweghe M (1992) Bone mineral status in growth hormone-deficient males with isolated and multiple pituitary deficiencies of childhood onset. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:118–123 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.74.1.118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Runge M, Hunter G (2006) Determinants of musculoskeletal frailty and the risk of falls in old age. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6:167–173 Medline

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. ter Maaten JC, de Boer H, Kamp O, Stuurman L, van der Veen EA (1999) Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement in men with childhood-onset GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2373–2380 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.84.7.2373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shalet SM, Shavrikova E, Cromer M et al (2003) Effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone in postpubertal GH-deficient patients: a 2-year randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4124–4129 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hoffman AR, Kuntze JE, Baptista J et al (2004) Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2048–2056 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Radovick S, DiVall S (2007) Approach to the growth hormone-deficient child during transition to adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1195–1200 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gleeson H, Barreto ES, Salvatori R et al (2007) Metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement in children and adolescents with severe isolated GH deficiency due to a GHRH receptor mutation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66:466–474 Medline

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Salerno M, Esposito V, Farina V et al (2006) Improvement of cardiac performance and cardiovascular risk factors in children with GH deficiency after two years of GH replacement therapy: an observational, open, prospective, case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1288–1295 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lanes R, Paoli M, Carrillo E, Villaroel O, Palacios A (2004) Peripheral inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in adolescents with growth hormone deficiency: relation to postprandial dyslipidemia. J Pediatr 145:657–661 Medline. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.037

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Devin JK, Blevins LS Jr, Verity DK et al (2007) Markedly impaired fibrinolytic balance contributes to cardiovascular risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3633–3639 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shimada K, Miyazaki T, Daida H (2004) Adiponectin and atherosclerotic disease. Clin Chim Acta 344:1–12 Medline. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.02.020

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lanes R, Soros A, Gunczler P et al (2006) Growth hormone deficiency, low levels of adiponectin, and unfavorable plasma lipid and lipoproteins. J Pediatr 149:324–329 Medline. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.05.010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al (2001) Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1930–1935 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.1930

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Colao A, Di Somma C, Salerno M, Spinelli L, Orio F, Lombardi G (2002) The cardiovascular risk of GH-deficient adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3650–3655 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.87.8.3650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Attanasio AF, Lamberts SW, Matranga AM et al (1997) Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:82–88 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.82.1.82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Attanasio AF, Shavrikova EP, Blum WF, Shalet SM (2005) Quality of life in childhood onset growth hormone-deficient patients in the transition phase from childhood to adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4525–4529 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR (1993) Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocr Rev 14:20–39 Medline. doi:10.1210/er.14.1.20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Biller BM (2007) Concepts in the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 68(Suppl 5):59–65 Medline. doi:10.1159/000110478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nicolson A, Toogood AA, Rahim A, Shalet SM (1996) The prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency in adults who received growth hormone replacement in childhood [see comment]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 44:311–316 Medline. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.671492.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Maghnie M, Strigazzi C, Tinelli C et al (1999) Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) of childhood onset: reassessment of GH status and evaluation of the predictive criteria for permanent GHD in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1324–1328 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.84.4.1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Toogood AA, Beardwell CG, Shalet SM (1994) The severity of growth hormone deficiency in adults with pituitary disease is related to the degree of hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:511–516 Medline

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Aimaretti G, Baffoni C, Bellone S et al (2000) Retesting young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone (GH) deficiency with GH-releasing-hormone-plus-arginine test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3693–3699 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.85.10.3693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Clayton PE, Cuneo RC, Juul A, Monson JP, Shalet SM, Tauber M (2005) Consensus statement on the management of the GH-treated adolescent in the transition to adult care. Eur J Endocrinol 152:165–170 Medline. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S et al (2006) Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1621–1634 Medline. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kelly JJ, Rajkovic IA, O’Sullivan AJ, Sernia C, Ho KK (1993) Effects of different oral oestrogen formulations on insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone and growth hormone binding protein in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:561–567 Medline

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wolthers T, Hoffman DM, Nugent AG, Duncan MW, Umpleby M, Ho KK (2001) Oral estrogen antagonizes the metabolic actions of growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E1191–E1196 Medline

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madhusmita Misra.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nguyen, V.T., Misra, M. Transitioning of children with GH deficiency to adult dosing: changes in body composition. Pituitary 12, 125–135 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-008-0101-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-008-0101-y

Keywords

Navigation