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Assessing the response of plant flavonoids to UV radiation: an overview of appropriate techniques

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Abstract

Flavonoids are a large group of plant secondary metabolites that are present in most plants, and are vital for plant growth, development and protection. Among the many functions of these compounds is their contribution to stress amelioration. The accurate identification and quantification of total or individual flavonoids in plants exposed to stressful conditions (e.g. ultraviolet radiation) is challenging due to their structural diversity. The present review provides the up to date knowledge and highlights trends in plant flavonoid analysis. The review covers all steps from the field to the laboratory, focussing on UV-B effects on flavonoids, and identifying critical issues concerning sample collection, pre-treatment, extraction techniques and quantitative or qualitative analysis. A well-planned sampling and sample prehandling strategy is vital when capturing organ, tissue and developmental-stage dependent changes in flavonoids, as well as the dynamic changes due to time of UV-exposure and diurnal or seasonal parameters. A range of advanced extraction and purification techniques can facilitate the quantitative transfer of flavonoids to solvents. The advantages and disadvantages of analytical methods, including chromogenic assays, liquid and thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance detection, and non-destructive in situ fluorescent analysis need to be consciously evaluated in the context of the specific biological question posed. Thus, no one method can be applied to every single study of flavonoid. The message of this review is that researchers will need to carefully consider the biological process that they intend to study, and select an analytical method that optimally matches their specific objectives.

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Abbreviations

APCI:

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

ASE:

Accelerated solvent extraction

BME:

Ball-mill extraction

Chl:

Chlorophyll

ChlF:

Chlorophyll fluorescence

ChlFES:

Chlorophyll fluorescence excitation screening

CID:

Collision-induced dissociation

CTLS:

Constrained total-line-shape

DMACA:

Dimethylcinnamylaldehyde

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

2D-LC:

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

1H–1H COSY:

Correlation spectroscopy

1H–13C HMBC:

Heteronuclear single multiple bond correlation

1H–13C HSQC:

Heteronuclear single quantum coherence

HPTLC:

High performance thin-layer chromatography

HSCCC:

High-speed counter-current chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HPLC–DAD:

High-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection

HPLC–NMR:

High-performance liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance

HPLC–NMR–MS:

High-performance liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance–mass spectrometry

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LEDs:

Light emitting diodes

MAE:

Microwave assisted extraction

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization

MPa:

Mega Pascal

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

ODS:

Octadecylsilyl

PAR:

Photosynthetically active radiation

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RP:

Reversed phase

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

SFE-CO2 :

Supercritical fluid extraction assisted by carbon dioxide

SS:

Solid state

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

TOF:

Time of flight

TPC:

Total phenolic content

TSP:

Trimethylsilyl propanoic acid sodium salt

UAE:

Ultrasound assisted extraction

UHPLC:

Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography

UMAE:

Ultrasound microwave assisted extraction

UV:

Ultraviolet

UV-A:

Ultraviolet A radiation

UV-A PAM:

Ultraviolet A radiation pulse-amplitude modulation

UV-B:

Ultraviolet B radiation

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support by COST Action FA0906, UV4Growth.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101, Joensuu, Finland

    Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto

  2. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloníki, Greece

    Nikolaos Nenadis

  3. Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ormamental Crops Grossbeeren, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany

    Susanne Neugart

  4. University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Matthew Robson

  5. CNR-Institute of Applied Physics, 50019, Sesto Forentino, Florence, Italy

    Giovanni Agati

  6. University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, 70211, Kuopio, Finland

    Jouko Vepsäläinen

  7. CNR-Institute of Biometeorology, Via Caproni 8, 50144, Florence, Italy

    Gaetano Zipoli

  8. INA-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway

    Line Nybakken

  9. Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Barbro Winkler

  10. University College Cork, Enterprise Centre, Distillery Field, Cork, Ireland

    Marcel A. K. Jansen

Authors
  1. Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
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  2. Nikolaos Nenadis
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  3. Susanne Neugart
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  4. Matthew Robson
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  5. Giovanni Agati
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  6. Jouko Vepsäläinen
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  7. Gaetano Zipoli
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  8. Line Nybakken
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  9. Barbro Winkler
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  10. Marcel A. K. Jansen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto.

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Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Nenadis, N., Neugart, S. et al. Assessing the response of plant flavonoids to UV radiation: an overview of appropriate techniques. Phytochem Rev 14, 273–297 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9362-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9362-4

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