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Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview

Photosynthetica volume 51, pages 163–190 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

Stressful environments such as salinity, drought, and high temperature (heat) cause alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. Photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants, is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses. Since the mechanism of photosynthesis involves various components, including photosynthetic pigments and photosystems, the electron transport system, and CO2 reduction pathways, any damage at any level caused by a stress may reduce the overall photosynthetic capacity of a green plant. Details of the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on different types of pigments, photosystems, components of electron transport system, alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in the mechanism of photosynthesis, and changes in various gas exchange characteristics, particularly of agricultural plants, are considered in this review. In addition, we discussed also progress made during the last two decades in producing transgenic lines of different C3 crops with enhanced photosynthetic performance, which was reached by either the overexpression of C3 enzymes or transcription factors or the incorporation of genes encoding C4 enzymes into C3 plants. We also discussed critically a current, worldwide effort to identify signaling components, such as transcription factors and protein kinases, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in stress adaptation in agricultural plants.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

abscisic acid

ALA:

5-aminolevulinic acid

Car:

carotenoids

Chl:

chlorophyll

Fi :

the fluorescence at transient inflection level

Fo :

the minimal fluorescence

Fm :

the maximal fluorescence

Fp :

the fluorescence at peak level

Fv :

the variable fluorescence

g s :

stomatal conductance

LHC:

light harvesting complex

MAPKs:

mitogen-activated protein kinases

NADPH:

reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADP-ME:

NADP-malic enzyme

OEC:

oxygen evolving complex

qN or NPQ:

nonphotochemical quenching

Pchlide:

protochlorophyllide

PEPC:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

P N :

net photosynthetic rate

PPDK:

phosphopyruvate dikinase

PSII:

photosystem II

qP :

photochemical quenching

RWC:

relative water content

Rubisco:

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

RUBP:

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

WUE:

water-use efficiency

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  1. Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    M. Ashraf

  2. Centre for Agroecology and Food Security, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    P. J. C. Harris

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Ashraf, M., Harris, P.J.C. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica 51, 163–190 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6

Additional key words

  • drought
  • fluorescence
  • gas exchange
  • heat
  • photosynthesis
  • photosynthetic pigments
  • salinity, salinity stress