Skip to main content
Log in

Husserl, the active self, and commitment

  • Published:
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In “On what matters: Personal identity as a phenomenological problem” (2020), Steven Crowell engages a number of contemporary interpretations of Husserl’s account of the person and personal identity by noting that they lack a phenomenological elucidation of the self as commitment. In this article, in response to Crowell, I aim to show that such an account of the self as commitment can be drawn from Husserl’s work by looking more closely at his descriptions from the time of Ideas and after of the self as ego or I and egoic experience as attentive experience. I specifically aim to sketch the beginning of a response to three questions I take Crowell to be posing to a Husserlian account of the person and personal identity: (1) What more than pre-reflective self-awareness can be attributed to the self on phenomenological grounds so that we can understand, phenomenologically speaking, how selves become persons? (2) How can what characterizes the self in addition to pre-reflective self-awareness be discerned in both our commitment to truth and our feeling bound by love and other emotive commitments that cannot be fully rationally justified, which Husserl acknowledges are both sources of personal self-constitution? And (3), do all selves become persons? In the paper I elaborate how my answers to the first two questions turn on the self not just being self-aware but active in a particular sense. And to begin to address the third question, I suggest that while any form of wakeful conscious experience is both self-aware and active, this activity of the self makes a difference for those who are socio-historically embedded in the way we are. Specifically, on the proposed Husserlian account, selves that are socio-historically embedded become persons in and through their active relating to what they attentively experience. In concluding, I indicate how this Husserlian account might compare to Crowell’s claim that “self-identity (ipseity) is not mere logical identity (A=A) but a normative achievement […] which makes a ‘personal’ kind of identity possible” (2020).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. For a further discussion of personal self-constitution according to Husserl, see Heinämaa (2007), Rinofner-Kreidl (2011), and Zahavi (forthcoming). This particular concept of the person is not the only concept of person that can be found in Husserl’s work. See, for example, Heinämaa (2019) for different concepts of personhood in Husserl’s work and Loidolt (forthcoming), which investigates important dimensions of Husserl’s account of personhood in the context of practical agency.

  2. I have elaborated this account of position-taking, self-constitution, and the relation between the self that decides and the person it becomes in more detail in Jacobs (2010a).

  3. “Das echte Zu-etwas-Stellungnehmen, das Stellungnehmen im prägnanten und eigentlichen Sinn, ist Stellungnehmen zu einer Frage, zu einer Anmutung, Zumutung, für oder gegen <die> ich mich entscheide, und zwar je nachdem <wie> die Aktdomäne ist und die Art der Zumutungen: Urteilsentscheidung, Gefallensenscheidung, Willensentscheidung [...].”

  4. “Jemand hält eine schöne Rede und ich bin geneigt, ihn zu bewundern. Aber es sperrt sich etwas dagegen, ich habe Vorurteile gegen ihn, er hat mir öfters missfallen etc. Ohne dass das alles jetzt explizit vorstellig ist, so empfinde ich die darauf zurückgehende negative Anmutung. Habe ich so ein Bewusstsein, das zwiespältig den Gegenstand nicht wirklich wertet, sondern mit entgegengesetzten anmutlichen Werten behaftet, so kann ich zur ‚Auswertung’, zur Entfaltung der Motivationen und zur Erwägung derselben übergehen. Und nun entscheidet sich: Das ist wirklich ein Vorzug von ihm und das ist wirklich ein Mangel an ihm. Und dann entscheide ich mich etwa: der Mangel ist ‚verzeihlich’, alles in allem ist er von überwiegendem Wert. Ich entscheide mich für ihn wertend.”

  5. To reply on Husserl’s behalf that my deliberations abide in the form of habitualities, as I have discussed in Jacobs (2010a), would not quite address this concern. That is, my pre-reflective experience includes beliefs, evaluations, and practical commitments that by far outstrip what I do or have deliberated on, which is due to the socio-historical embeddedness of my experience. Hence, even when taking habitualities into account, when restricting the personal dimension of our experience to current or habitualized active deliberation, one risks ending up in a two-tiered conception of the self.

  6. As Sheredos has persuasively argued, at the time of the Logical Investigations Husserl denies that experiences can be considered to be acts in any substantive sense: “In LU Husserl drives a wedge between intentionality as directedness to an object and any invocation of striving towards an object I desire, of the sort that would be involved in construing mental ‘acts’ as traditional acts. And because this traditional feature of actions is discarded, Husserl maintains that this term ‘act’ should receive no active construal at all” (Sheredos 2017, 197). Sheredos also argues that this is different for the Husserl of Ideas where he considers attentive experiences to be active in the sense of both attentive and involving taking a stance. While Sheredos does not further specify what kind of activity we are dealing with here, he does suggest that mental acts might fall under the same genus as bodily acts (208). My account here does not consider whether and how the activity that is characteristic of attentive experiences is related to other activities. Rather, my aim is to discuss the senses in which the self is active in attentive experience, what kind of activity this is, and how this allows us to address the concerns raised by Crowell. I also restrict myself in what follows to non-neutralized experiences. On my understanding of the distinction between neutralized and non-neutralized experiences in relation to attention, see Jacobs (2016a).

  7. “Aber ich gebrauche in diesen Manuskripten und auch in den „Ideen “einen Begriff der Stellungnahme in einem anderen, weiteren Sinn: jeder „Akt “im prägnanten Sinn, jedes cogito, jedes intentionales Erlebnis im Modus des wirklichen Vollziehens.”

  8. “Das Interesse ist also ein actus bzw. Habitus der Freiheit, eine allgemein phänomenologische Form „actus“, deren Gegenstände mir nicht aufgedrängte sind, sondern zu denen ich mich frei hingestellt habe, mit denen ich mich beschäftige, denen ich mich hingebe. Der freie Akt ist also ein besonderer Typus gegenüber dem allgemeineren: „Ich bin mir einer Gegenständlichkeit bewusst, ich bin auf sie aufmerksam, auf sie gerichtet.“

  9. Likewise Kidd (forthcoming) argues that for Husserl “perceptual receptivity is a form of subjective, self-determining spontaneity.”

  10. “Es gibt eine „Rezeptivität“ (besser sprechen wir von einem Akzipieren), ein doxisches Verhalten, das hinnimmt, was passiv vorgegeben ist, und im Übernehmen nur zugreift. Deutlicher: Ein Gegenstand drängt sich mir auf, er steht aufgedrängt da, ich bin bei ihm. Das eigentliche Erfassen, Zugreifen, als Gegenstand Setzen ist schon eine Spontaneität.”

  11. “Eine sinnliche Erfassung, Erfassung von einem Sinnlichen, setzt eine sinnliche Erscheinung voraus, und hier ist die Erfassung eine akzipierende, ein Annehmen und Aufnehmen eines Vorgegebenen.”

  12. So, for example, in the following passage, Husserl restricts spontaneity to active deliberation: “The ego that behaves in a merely perceptively aware and observant manner comports itself in a merely receptive fashion. Indeed, it is a wakeful ego and lives as such in the form of ‘ego cogito’; but this form itself encompasses a mere passivity and activity. This receptivity is the founding presupposition for the possibility of the specific ‘spontaneity’ of the ego, that is, for making possible the position-takings of the ego and what is [specifically] in question here, [namely,] judicative position-takings” (Husserl 2001a, 441). The latter are further characterized as position-takings in response to a consciousness in which I doubt whether the world is thus or so—that is, a form of deliberation (Husserl 2001a, 440).

  13. “Die Zuwendung ist zwar auch als Funktion der Spontaneität anzusehen, insofern ist Rezeption (Akzeption [Acception]) auch Spontaneität, aber wir stellen sie die eigentlichen und höheren, schöpferischen Spontaneität gegenüber, sofern nicht bloß Zuwendung, sondern Aktion in der Denkgestaltung im Licht immer neuer Zuwendung statthat.”

  14. “Der Gegenstand ist in der Hingabe, im Interesse nicht mehr aufgedrängter, der mich zu sich hingerissen hat. Zunächst folge ich wohl der Affektion. Aber der Gegenstand „weckt mein Interesse”. Nun ist der Gegenstand ein solcher, zu dem ich mich frei hinstelle, bei dem <ich> in freier Hingabe bin, mit dem ich mich beschäftige. Was ist hier das Beschäftigen? Ich sehe dem Kommenden tätig entgegen, ich öffne ihm meine Arme und empfange es im impressionalen Kommen als Erwartetes mit einer inneren „Zustimmung”, ich gehe ihm entgegen und nehme es an.”

  15. In Jacobs (2016a), I have provided a more detailed account of how and when deliberation arises.

  16. “Bloße Zustände wären Bewusstseinserlebnisse, die nicht meinend sind. Jedes meinende Erlebnis kann sich zu einem bloßen Zustand modifizieren, jeder Bewusstseinszustand kann Akt werden.”

  17. “Akt und Zustand scheidet sich im Allgemeinsten nach als Spontaneität (Aktivität) und Passivität. Jeder Aktivität entspricht Passivität insofern, als Aktivität in Passivität sich wesensgesetzlich verwandelt. Nun ist Zuständlichkeit entweder „intentional” (Gegenstand konstituierend) oder nicht (letzteres betrifft die Empfindungsinhalte). Was die intentionale Zuständlichkeit anlangt, so ist sie von doppelter Art. Entweder sie ist ursprüngliche Passivität, das heißt, sie ist keine Abwandlung einer Aktivität, die ursprünglich dieselbe Gegenständlichkeit konstituiert, auf die sich die Zuständlichkeit bezieht, oder sie ist eine solche Abwandlung.”

  18. In Jacobs (forthcoming), I develop in more detail the way in which our way of relating to what we attend to (accepting or not) and what we attend to or not are non-trivially related.

  19. Crowell (2020) raises this issue when he writes “the minimal self belongs not just to persons but to all conscious beings,” and the same could be said about the active self as I have characterized it.

  20. I have more fully developed this in the context of Husserl’s work in Jacobs (2016a and b).

  21. At this point, the proposed account raises a host of new questions. First, we can wonder whether all active human selves become and remain persons in that they actively relate to what they experience. The proposed view is compatible with there being a variety of ways and respects in which one can be active. The bottom line is, however, that someone would display personhood insofar as and because they, even if only pre-reflectively, endorse their (inherited) way of seeing, feeling, and wanting. Second, we can wonder how this account of personhood relates to the issue of personal identity. For this question, I refer to Jacobs (2010a), with the important addition that stance-takings cannot be limited to active deliberations. I would like to thank an anonymous referee for raising these questions which would require further elaboration along the lines suggested here.

  22. Two anonymous referees were instrumental in my formulating this suggestion in conclusion, which is only an outline of the beginning of an answer to their insightful questions.

References

  • Crowell, S. (2013). Normativity and phenomenology in Husserl and Heidegger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, S. (2020). “On what matters: Personal identity as a phenomenological problem.” Phenomenology and The Cognitive Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Angelo, D. (2019). The phenomenology of embodied attention. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences.

  • Di Martino, C. (2014). Husserl and the question of animality. Research in Phenomenology, 44, 50–75.

  • Drummond, J. J. (2015). Exceptional love? In M. Ubiali & M. Wehrle (Eds.), Feeling and Value, Willing and Action (pp. 51–69). Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Drummond, J. J. (2018). Husserl’s middle period and the development of his ethics. In D. Zahavi (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Phenomenology (pp. 135–154). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinämaa, S. (2007). Selfhood, consciousness, and embodiment: A Husserlian approach. In S. Heinämaa, V. Lähteenmäki, & P. Remes (Eds.), Consciousness: From perception to reflection in the history of philosophy (pp. 311–328). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Heinämaa, S. (2019). Two ways of understanding persons: A Husserlian distinction. Phenomenology and Mind, 15, 92–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinämaa, S. (2020). Values of love: Two of forms of infinity characteristic of human persons. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences.

  • Husserl, Edmund. (1960). Cartesian meditations. An Introduction to Phenomenology. Translated by Dorion Cairns. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

  • Husserl, E. (1973a). Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjectivität. Texte aus dem Nachlass. Zweiter Teil: 1921-1928. In I. Kern (Ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (1973b). Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem Nachlass. Dritter Teil: 1929-1935. In I. Kern (Ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (1973c). Experience and judgment. Investigations in a Genealogy of Logic. Translated by James S. Churchill and Lothar Eley. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

  • Husserl, E. (2001). Analyses concerning active and passive synthesis. Lectures on Transcendental Logic. Translated by Anthony J. Steinbock. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

  • Husserl, E. (2014a). Grenzprobleme der Phänomenologie: Analysen des Unbewusstseins und der Instinkte, Metaphysik, späte Ethik : Texte aus dem Nachlass (1908–1937). In R. Sowa & T. Vongehr (Eds.), Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husserl, E. (2014b). Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy. First Book: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Translated by Daniel O. Dahlstrom. Indianapolis: Hackett.

  • Husserl, E. (Forthcoming). Studien zur Struktur des Bewusstseins. Teilband I: Verstand und Gegenstand. Texte aus dem Nachlass (1909-1927), Edited by Ullrich Melle and Thomas Vongehr. Springer Nature Switzerland AG: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

  • Jacobs, H. (2010a). Towards a Phenomenological Account of Personal Identity. In C. Ierna, H. Jacobs, & F. Mattens (Eds.), Philosophy, Phenomenology, Sciences. Essays in Commemoration of Edmund Husserl (pp. 333–361). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. (2010b). I am awake: Husserlian reflections on wakefulness and attention. Alter Revue de Phénoménologie, 18, 183–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. (2016a). Husserl on reason, reflection, and attention. Research in Phenomenology, 46(2), 257–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. (2016b). Socialization, reflection, and personhood. In S. Rinofner-Kreidl & H. Wiltsche (Eds.), Analytic and continental philosophy: Methods and perspectives; proceedings of the 37th international Ludwig Wittgenstein symposium (pp. 323–335). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. (Forthcoming). Husserl on epistemic agency. In H. Jacobs (Ed.), The Husserlian Mind. London: Routledge.

  • Jansen, J. (2016). Kant’s and Husserl’s agentive and proprietary accounts of cognitive phenomenology. Philosophical Explorations, 9(2), 161–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, C. (Forthcoming). Husserl’s theory of judgment and its contemporary relevance. In H. Jacobs (Ed.), The Husserlian Mind. London: Routledge.

  • Loidolt, S. (Forthcoming). The person as a fragile project: On personhood and practical agency in Husserl. In H. Jacobs (Ed.), The Husserlian Mind. London: Routledge.

  • Rinofner-Kreidl, S. (2011). Motive, Gründe und Entscheidungen in Husserls intentionaler Handlungstheorie. In V. Mayer, C. Erhard, & M. Scherini (Eds.), Die Aktualität Husserls (pp. 232-77). Freiburg im Breisgau: Karl Alber.

  • Rinofner-Kreidl, S. (2012). Self-deception: Theoretical puzzles and moral implications. In D. Lohmar & J. Brudzińska (Eds.), Founding psychoanalysis Phenomenologically (pp. 213–233). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rinofner-Kreidl, S. (Manuscript). Husserls Begriff des absoluten Sollens: Ethische und Werttheoretische Implikationen. In G. Heffernan & M. Cavallaro (Eds.), The Existential Husserl. Dordrecht: Springer.

  • Sheredos, B. (2017). Act-psychology and phenomenology: Husserl on Egoic acts. Husserl Studies, 33, 191–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watzl, S. (2017). Structuring mind. The nature of attention and how it shapes consciousness. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Zahavi, D. (Forthcoming). From no ego to pure ego to personal ego. In H. Jacobs (Ed.), The Husserlian Mind. London: Routledge.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hanne Jacobs.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jacobs, H. Husserl, the active self, and commitment. Phenom Cogn Sci 20, 281–298 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09706-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09706-x

Keywords

Navigation