Skip to main content
Log in

Abnormal time experiences in persons with feeding and eating disorder: a naturalistic explorative study

  • Published:
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To provide a qualitative analysis of abnormal temporal experiences (ATE) of persons affected by feeding and eating disorders (FED). This is a naturalistic explorative study on a group of 27 patients affected by FED interviewed over a two-year period in a clinical/psychotherapeutic setting. Clinical files were analysed by means of Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR). Twenty-one (77,8%) out of twenty-seven patients affected by FED reported at least one ATE. The main categories identified are 1) Irruption of disturbing bodily experiences (18 patients); 2) Anxiety for the passing of time (17 patients); 3) Ritualization/Digitalization of time (19 patients). ATE are a relevant feature of the life-world inhabited by people with FED and may represent an important link between abnormal bodily experiences and disorders of personal identity in these patients. The sample number is small but our preliminary findings justify testing a larger number of patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM 5. American Psychiatric Association.

  • Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., & Agras, W. S. (1995). The emotional eating scale: the development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 79–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binswanger, L. (1960). Melancholie und Manie. Phänomenologische studien. Pfullingen: Günther Neske.

  • Broome, M. R. (2005). Suffering and eternal recurrence of the same: the neuroscience. Psychopathology and philosophy of time. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 12, 187–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, H. (1981). Developmental considerations of anorexia nervosa and obesity. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 26(4), 212–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, H. (1982). Anorexia nervosa: therapy and theory. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1531–1538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellini, G., Trisolini, F., & Ricca, V. (2014). Psychopathology of eating disorders. Journal of Psychopathology, 20(1), 461–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellini, G., Stanghellini, G., Godini, L., Lucchese, M., Trisolini, F., & Ricca, V. (2015). Abnormal bodily experiences mediate the relationship between impulsivity and binge eating in overweight subjects seeking bariatric surgery. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(2), 124–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castellini, G., Franzago, M., Bagnoli, S., Lelli, L., Balsamo, M., Mancini, M., Nacmias, B., Ricca, V., Sorbi, S., Antonucci, I., Stuppia, L., & Stanghellini, G. (2017). Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is associated to eating disorders susceptibility and moderates the expression of psychopathological traits. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dakanalis, A., Timko, C. A., Zanetti, M. A., Rinaldi, L., Prunas, A., Carrà, G., Riva, G., & Clerici, M. (2014). Attachment insecurities, maladaptive perfectionism, and eating disorder symptoms: a latent mediated and moderated structural equation modeling analysis across diagnostic groups. Psychiatry Research, 215, 176–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalle Grave, R. (2011). Eating disorders: progress and challenges. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 22, 153–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demidenko, N., Tasca, G. A., Kennedy, N., & Bissada, H. (2010). The mediating role of self-concept in the relationship between attachment insecurity and identity differentiation among women with an eating disorder. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 1131–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, K. T., Dorer, D. J., Franko, D. L., Tahilani, K., Thompson-Brenner, H., & Herzog, D. B. (2008). Diagnostic crossover in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: implications for DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggert, M. A., Levendosky, A., & Klump, K. (2007). Relationships among attachment styles, personality characteristics, and disordered eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 149–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eshkevari, E., Rieger, E., Longo, M. R., Haggard, P., & Treasure, J. (2014). Persistent body image disturbance following recovery from eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(4), 400–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (2007). Thinking afresh about the classification of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(S3), S107–S110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating Disorders. The Lancet, 361(9355), 407–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1988). The history of sexuality, Vol. 3: The Care of the Self. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, T. (2010). Phenomenology and psychopathology. In S. Gallagher & D. Schmicking (Eds.), Handbook of phenomenology and the cognitive sciences (pp. 547–573). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, T. (2013). Temporality and psychopathology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 1, 75–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, T., & Van Duppen, Z. (2017). Time and events: on the phenomenology of temporal experience in schizophrenia (ancillary article to EAWE domain 2). Psychopathology, 50(1), 68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, S. (2006). How the body shapes the mind. Oxford: Oxford UP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmidt, A. B., Hilbert, A., Manwaring, J. L., Wilfley, D. E., Pike, K. M., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F. A., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2010). The significance of overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 187–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodsitt, A. (1997). Eating disorders: a self-psychological perspective. In D. Garner & P. Garfinkel (Eds.), Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders, ed 2 (pp. 205–228). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grilo, C. M. (2013). Why no cognitive body image feature such as overvaluation of shape/weight in the binge eating disorder diagnosis? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46, 208–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grilo, C. M., Crosby, R. D., Masheb, R. M., White, M. A., Peterson, C. B., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Crow, S. J., & Mitchell, J. E. (2009). Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and sub-threshold bulimia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 692–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J. E., & Williams, N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 517–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: an update. Marquette Univ, 52, 196–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Illing, V., Tasca, G. A., Balfour, L., & Bissada, H. (2010). Attachment insecurity predicts eating disorder symptoms and treatment outcomes in a clinical sample of women. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(9), 653–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers, K. (1925). Psychologie des Weltanschauung. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers, K. (1963). General Psychopathology. Translated by Hoenig J, Hamilton MW. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, B. (2005). Scritti di Psicopatologia Fenomenologica. Roma: Giovanni Fioriti Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuipers, G. S., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2012). Attachment, mentalization and eating disorders: a review of studies using the adult attachment interview. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 326–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: a five-way model. Appetite, 50(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2006). Emotional overeating and its associations with eating disorder psychopathology among overweight patients with binge eating disorder. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 141–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milos, G., Spindler, A., Schnyder, U., & Fairburn, C. G. (2005). Instability of eating disorder diagnoses: prospective study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkowski E. (1933). Le temps vecu. Paris, France: d’Arey.

  • Minkowski, H. (1952). Space and time. In A. Sommerfeld (Ed.), The principle of relativity. New York: Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monteleone, A. M., Castellini, G., Volpe, U., Nigro, M., Zamponi, F., Ricca, V., Stanghellini, G., & Monteleone, P. (2017a). The disorder of lived corporeality: a possible link between attachment style and eating disorder psychopathology. European Psychiatry, 41, S557–S558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monteleone, A. M., Castellini, G., Ricca, V., Volpe, U., De Riso, F., Nigro, M., et al. (2017b). Embodiment mediates the relationship between avoidant attachment and eating disorder psychopathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 25, 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordbø, R. H., Espeset, E., Gulliksen, K. S., Skårderud, F., & Holte, A. (2006). The meaning of self-starvation: qualitative study of patients' perception of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(7), 556–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northoff, G. (2015). Is schizophrenia a spatiotemporal disorder of the brain's resting state? World Psychiatry, 14(1), 34–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northoff, G., & Stanghellini, G. (2016). How to link brain and experience? Spatiotemporal psychopathology of the lived body. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 172. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricca, V., Castellini, G., Lo Sauro, C., Ravaldi, C., Lapi, F., Mannucci, E., Rotella, C. M., & Faravelli, C. (2009). Correlations between binge eating and emotional eating in a sample of overweight subjects. Appetite, 53(3), 418–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricca, V., Castellini, G., Fioravanti, G., Sauro, C. L., Rotella, F., Ravaldi, C., et al. (2012). Emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(3), 245–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sands, S. (1991). Bulimia, dissociation, and empathy: A self-psychological view. In C. Johnson (Ed.), Psychodynamic treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (pp. 34–50). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartre, J. P. (1943/1992). Being and nothingness. New York: Washington Square Press.

  • Sass, L., Pienkos, E., Skodlar, B., Stanghellini, G., Fuchs, T., Parnas, J., & Jones, N. (2017). EAWE: examination of anomalous world experience. Psychopathology, 50(1), 10–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schilder, P. (1950). The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constructive energies of the psyche. New York: International UP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. L., Panza, E., Appelhans, B. M., Whited, M. C., Oleski, J. L., & Pagoto, S. L. (2012). The emotional eating scale. Can a self-report measure predict observed emotional eating? Appetite, 58(2), 563–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, A., &Luckmann, T.. 1973. The Structures of the Life-World Vol. 1. Northwestern University Press.

  • Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. 1989. The Structures of the Life-World Vol. 2. Northwestern University Press.

  • Skårderud, F. (2007a). Eating one's words, part I:‘concretised metaphors’ and reflective function in anorexia nervosa—An interview study. European Eating Disorders Review, 15(3), 163–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skårderud, F. (2007b). Eating one's words, part II: the embodied mind and reflective function in anorexia nervosa—Theory. European Eating Disorders Review, 15(4), 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G. (2005). For an anthropology of eating disorders. A pornographic vision of the self. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 10(2), 21–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G. (2009). Embodiment and schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 8, 56–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G. (2017). Lost in dialogue. Anthropology, psychopathology, and care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., & Ballerini, M. (2008). Qualitative analysis. Its use in psychopathological research (editorial). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 161–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., & Mancini, M. (2017). The therapeutic interview. Emotions, values, and the life-world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., & Rosfort, R. (2013). Emotions and personhood: Exploring fragility – Making sense of vulnerability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., Castellini, G., Brogna, P., Faravelli, C., & Ricca, V. (2012). Identity and eating disorders (IDEA): a questionnaire evaluating identity and embodiment in eating disorder patients. Psychopathology, 45, 147–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., Trisolini, F., Castellini, G., Ambrosini, A., Faravelli, C., & Ricca, V. (2014). Is feeling extraneous from one's own body a core vulnerability feature in eating disorders? Psychopathology, 48(1), 18–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., Ballerini, M., Presenza, S., Mancini, M., Raballo, A., Blasi, S., & Cutting, J. (2015). Psychopathology of lived time: abnormal time experience in persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(1), 45–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini, G., Ballerini, M., Presenza, S., Mancini, M., Northoff, G., & Cutting, J. (2017). Abnormal time experiences in major depression: an empirical qualitative study. Psychopathology, 50(2), 125–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, K. F., & Corte, C. (2007). Identity impairment and the eating disorders: content and organization of the self-concept in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 58–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., & Shaw, H. E. (2002). Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology: a synthesis of research findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 985–993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, E. W. (1966). Phenomenological psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasca, G. A., & Balfour, L. (2014). Attachment and eating disorders: a review of current research. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(7), 710–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tillich, P. (1957). Systematic theology (Vol. 2). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozzi, F., Thornton, L. M., Klump, K. L., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., et al. (2005). Symptom fluctuation in eating disorders: correlates of diagnostic crossover. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(4), 732–740.

  • Vogeley, K., & Kupke, C. (2007). Disturbances of time consciousness from a phenomenological and a neuroscientific perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 157–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Gebsattel, V. E. (1958). The world of the compulsive. In R. May, E. Angel, & H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence, a New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waller, G., & Osman, S. (1998). Emotional eating and eating psychopathology among non–eating-disordered women. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 419–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zachrisson, H. D., & Kulbotten, G. R. (2006). Attachment in anorexia nervosa: an exploration of associations with eating disorder psychopathology and psychiatric symptoms. Eating and Weight Disorders, 11, 163–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahavi, D. (2005). Subjectivity of selfhood: investigating the first-person perspective. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giovanni Stanghellini.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Stanghellini, G., Mancini, M. Abnormal time experiences in persons with feeding and eating disorder: a naturalistic explorative study. Phenom Cogn Sci 18, 759–773 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-019-09618-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-019-09618-5

Keywords

Navigation