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Clinical pharmacy services and solid organ transplantation: a literature review

Pharmacy World & Science volume 32, pages 7–18 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

Aim of the review Organ transplantation represents the therapy of choice for most types of end-stage organ failure, and post-transplant patient care warrants great attention. The aim of this study was to summarise the available evidence regarding the role and impact of clinical pharmacy services in the care of solid organ transplant patients. Methods A search of the literature was conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and IPA databases to identify studies relevant to our investigation of the impact of clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Results Only five out of nineteen of the included studies were randomised controlled trials; eleven studies were descriptive, and three were before-after studies. Interventions performed in these studies consisted of routine clinical pharmacy services with a focus on identifying, resolving and preventing drug-related problems; clinical pharmacy services with a focus on therapeutic drug monitoring; and those with a focus on compliance enhancement and educational interventions. The number and type of interventions and the physicians’ acceptance rates were assessed in the majority of the included studies. Acceptance rates were generally above 95%, and most studies reported that clinical pharmacy services had a positive impact on the care of solid organ transplant patients. Positive perceptions of patients and health care professionals are also reported. In two of the studies, patients’ compliance rates and drug knowledge were assessed following counselling by a pharmacist. Dosing-related interventions were the most common interventions proposed. Immunosuppressants, cardiovascular drugs and antimicrobials were the drug classes most affected by the clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Conclusions High quality evidence that supports the benefit of clinical pharmacy services in the care of solid organ transplant patients is rare. Nevertheless, all of the included studies showed that clinical pharmacy services had a positive impact. Furthermore, all included studies showed that patients and physicians appreciated clinical pharmacists. The various outcome measures used in these studies were improved by interactions with clinical pharmacists. More randomised controlled trials are needed to contribute to the paucity of the existing evidence.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the staff of the pharmacy department of the General Hospital of Vienna for their continual support during the review and the manuscript preparation process.

Funding

This literature review was carried out as part of a clinical pharmacy project that was funded by Amgen.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

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Affiliations

  1. Pharmacy Department, General Hospital Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    G. Stemer

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    R. Lemmens-Gruber

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  1. G. Stemer
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  2. R. Lemmens-Gruber
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Correspondence to G. Stemer.

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Stemer, G., Lemmens-Gruber, R. Clinical pharmacy services and solid organ transplantation: a literature review. Pharm World Sci 32, 7–18 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-009-9351-7

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Keywords

  • Clinical pharmacy services
  • Immunosuppressant medications
  • Literature review
  • Solid organ transplantation