Abstract
An amino acid sequence variant (SV) is defined as an unintended amino acid substitution in protein drug products. SVs contribute to product heterogeneity and can potentially impact product quality, safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. The analysis of biotherapeutics for SVs is important throughout the product life cycle including clone selection, development of nutrient feed strategies, commercial manufacturing process, and post-approval changes to monitor product quality. The proposed analytical procedure for SVs consists of both qualitative (identification of SVs) and quantitative (quantitation of identified SVs) components. The complexities of SV analysis and the variety of current procedures highlight the need for a systematic approach for assessing the capability of these methodologies to reliably identify and quantitate SVs in biotherapeutics. We described here a “spike-control” approach for evaluating SV analytical procedure. The concept was adopted from quality control samples routinely used in analytical procedure validation. One FDA approved monoclonal antibody (mAb) was spiked with accurate amounts of highly homologous mAb to create mAb samples containing low yet accurate levels of “artificial” SVs. Spike-control samples were denatured, reduced, alkylated, digested and then analyzed by high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. In silico analysis revealed four single amino acid differences between the two mAbs that could be used to represent SVs in the spike-control samples. All four “artificial” SVs were reliably identified by the current workflow. Analytical range (0.01% to 2%), accuracy and precision of identified SVs have also been evaluated. Overall, spike-control sample(s) helped to demonstrate that the SV analytical procedure (i.e., sample preparation, LC separation, mass spectrometry determinations and bioinformatic software) was fit for purpose and suitable for the identification and quantitation of SVs at a pre-determined threshold.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality. The authors thank Dr. Sarah Rogstad, Senior Scientific Advisor, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, FDA/CDER, for critical comments.
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Zhang, J., Shih, M., Yan, H. et al. A Spike-Control Approach that Evaluates High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Sequence Variant Analytical Method Performance for Therapeutic Proteins. Pharm Res 40, 1425–1433 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-023-03527-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-023-03527-8