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Ionic Liquids: Emerging Antimicrobial Agents

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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious threat to global health. New antimicrobials are thus urgently needed. Ionic liquids (ILs), salts consisting of organic cations and anions with melting points less than 100°C, have been recently found to be promising in antimicrobial field as they may disrupt the bacterial wall and membrane and consequently lead to cell leakage and death. Different types of antimicrobial ILs are introduced in the review, including cationic, polymeric, and anionic ILs. Being the main type of the antimicrobial ILs, the review focuses on the structure and the antimicrobial mechanisms of cationic ILs. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of the cationic ILs are also included. Increase in alkyl chain length and lipophilicity is beneficial to increase the antimicrobial effects of cationic ILs. Polymeric ILs are homopolymers of monomer ILs or copolymers of ILs and other monomers. They have great potential in the field of antibiotics as they provide stronger antimicrobial effects than the sum of the monomer ILs. Anionic ILs are composed of existing anionic antibiotics and organic cations, being capable to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of the original form. Nonetheless, the medical application of antimicrobial ILs is limited by the toxicity. The structural optimization aided by QSAR model and combination with existing antibiotics may provide a solution to this problem and expand the application range of ILs in antimicrobial field.

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Abbreviations

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

C. albicans :

Candida albicans

Ce6:

Chlorin e6

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

DMPC:

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

EC50 :

Half maximal effective concentration

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

ILs:

Ionic liquids

ILDs:

Ionic liquid derivatives

L. monocytogenes :

Listeria monocytogenes

LFER:

Linear free energy relationship

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

P. aeruginosa :

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PILs:

Poly-(ionic liquids)

PVC:

Polyvinylchloride

QSAR:

Quantitative structure-activity relationship

S. aureus :

Staphylococcus aureus

SEDDS:

Self-emulsifying drug delivery system

S. epidermidis :

Staphylococcus epidermidis

S. mutans :

Streptococcus mutans

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China

    Zhezheng Fang, Xianzi Zheng, Lu Li, Jianping Qi, Wei Wu & Yi Lu

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  1. Zhezheng Fang
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  2. Xianzi Zheng
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  3. Lu Li
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Conceptualization: Yi Lu; Literature search and data analysis: Zhezheng Fang, Xianzi Zheng; Writing - original draft preparation: Zhezheng Fang; Writing - review and editing: Lu Li, Jianping Qi, Yi Lu; Supervision: Wei Wu.

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Correspondence to Yi Lu.

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Fang, Z., Zheng, X., Li, L. et al. Ionic Liquids: Emerging Antimicrobial Agents. Pharm Res 39, 2391–2404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03336-5

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