Abstract
Purpose
Although the prevalence of alcohol consumption is higher in HIV+ people than general public, limited information is available on how alcohol affects the metabolism and bioavailability of darunavir (DRV).
Methods
DRV was quantified by using LC-MS/MS method. All in vitro experiments were performed using human liver microsomes and HIV-infected monocytic cells. CYP3A4 and DRV/Ritonavir (RTV) docking was performed using GOLD suite 5.8.
Results
Ethanol (20 mM) significantly decreased apparent half-life and increased degradation rate constant of RTV-boosted DRV but not for DRV alone. Similarly, ethanol exposure increased hepatic intrinsic clearance for RTV-boosted DRV with no significant influence on DRV alone. Ethanol showed a limited influence on intracellular total DRV exposure in the presence of RTV without altering maximum concentration (Cmax) values in HIV-infected monocytic cells. Ethanol alone elevated HIV replication but this effect was nullified with the addition of DRV or DRV + RTV. Additionally, inhibitory potency of DRV was significantly reduced in the presence of ethanol. Our docking results projected that ethanol increases the average distance between DRV and CYP3A4 heme, and alter the orientation of DRV-CYP3A4 binding.
Conclusions
Collectively these findings suggest that DRV metabolism is primarily influenced by ethanol in the liver, but has minor effect in HIV-residing monocytes.
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Abbreviations
- AUCtot :
-
Area under the concentration-time curve
- Cmax :
-
The maximum concentration of a drug in the cells after dosing
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450
- DRV:
-
Darunavir
- EVG:
-
Elvitegravir
- IC50 :
-
The 50% inhibitory concentration
- Km :
-
The Michaelis-Menten constant
- LC-MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- RTV:
-
Ritonavir
- Vmax :
-
The maximal velocity
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Acknowledgments and Disclosures
This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health to Santosh Kumar (NIAAA/NIH AA-022063) and Bernd Meibohm (OD/NIH S10OD016226), and from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Weihua Li (Grant 81,373,328).
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Midde, N.M., Gong, Y., Cory, T.J. et al. Influence of Ethanol on Darunavir Hepatic Clearance and Intracellular PK/PD in HIV-Infected Monocytes, and CYP3A4-Darunavir Interactions Using Inhibition and in Silico Binding Studies. Pharm Res 34, 1925–1933 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-017-2203-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-017-2203-6