Abstract
Many drugs and desirable phytochemicals are bitter, and bitter tastes are aversive. Food and pharmaceutical manufacturers share a common need for bitterness-masking strategies that allow them to deliver useful quantities of the active compounds in an acceptable form and in this review we compare and contrast the challenges and approaches by researchers in both fields. We focus on physical approaches, i.e., micro- or nano-structures to bind bitter compounds in the mouth, yet break down to allow release after they are swallowed. In all of these methods, the assumption is the degree of bitterness suppression depends on the concentration of bitterant in the saliva and hence the proportion that is bound. Surprisingly, this hypothesis has only rarely been fully tested using a combination of adequate human sensory trials and measurements of binding. This is especially true in pharmaceutical systems, perhaps due to the greater experimental challenges in sensory analysis of drugs.
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Notes
Block copolymers (e.g., Poloxamers) are sometimes described as surfactants as many of their functional properties are similar (e.g., micelle formation, solubilization of hydrophobic molecules).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES
We are grateful to Prof. Jochen Weiss and Prof. Heike Bunjes for many helpful discussions and hospitality during a sabbatical leave for one of us (JNC). This work was partly supported by USDA Hatch Project PEN04332 funds, and a National Institutes of Health grant from the NIDCD to JEH [DC010904].
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Coupland, J.N., Hayes, J.E. Physical Approaches to Masking Bitter Taste: Lessons from Food and Pharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 31, 2921–2939 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1480-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1480-6